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Mechanisms of Disease Exam #3 > Viral Infections > Flashcards

Viral Infections Flashcards

1
Q

6 most clinically significant DNA viruses in US

A 
Herpesvirus
Hepadnavirus
Adenovirus
Poxvirus
Parvovirus
Papovirus
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2
Q

3 ways innate immunity responds in a viral infection

A
  1. Inflammation - cytokines and complement recruit WBCs.
  2. Type I interferons interfere w/ infected cells and degrade viral nucleic acids and inhibit replication.
  3. If innate immunity fails, adaptive immunity can kick in.
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3
Q

Acute (transient) infections (4)

A

Measles
Mumps
Poliovirus
West Nile

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4
Q

Viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever and can spread from person to person (3)

A

Ebola
Marburg
Lassa

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5
Q

What are 2 major viruses in family Filoviridae?

How has it been spread?

A

Ebola, Marburg.

Most were secondarily infected via contact of body fluids of afflicted pts. Possible some may have been due to airborne transmission.

Both have been weaponized.

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6
Q

What is the major Arenaviridae family member?

What does it cause? (3)

A

Lassa.

Lassa fever, South American hemorrhagic fever, Rift Valley fever,

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7
Q

Which viruses most commonly cause latent infections?

A

Herpesviruses

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8
Q

How many types of Herpesvirus?

A

8

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9
Q

What is Herpesvirus simiae?

A

Monkey B virus. It resembles HSV-1 and can cause fatal neurological disease usually from an animal bite.

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10
Q

2 kinds of chronic, productive viral infections:

How do they escape the immune system?

A

HIV and HBV.

High mutation rate.

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11
Q

4 kinds of transforming viral infections:

What do they do?

A

EBV
HPV
HBV
HTLV-1

They can transform cells into benign or malignant cells.

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12
Q

Oncogenic RNA virus:

Oncogenic DNA viruses (5):

A

HTLV-1

HPV, EBV, HBV (and C), Merkel cell polyomavirus, HHV-8.

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13
Q

HIV-1

A

Most common and pathogenic strain of HIV.

Divided into M grp. (major) and grps. N, O and maybe P. Each have an independent transmission

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14
Q

What subtype of HIV-1 is most common in Americas, Europe, Japan and Australia?

A

Subtype B

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15
Q

HIV-2

A

Mostly in Africa.

Less pathogenic than HIV-1.

Can be contracted alone or w/ HIV-1.

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16
Q

Orthomyxovirus family –> (1)

A

Influenza

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17
Q

Paramyxovirus family –> (5)

A 
Parainfluenza
RSV
Metapneumovirus
Mumps
Measles
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18
Q

Influenza A

A

Found in animals and is the primary type in epidemic flu.

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19
Q

Influenza B

A

Circulate amongst humans. Not usually involved in epidemics.

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20
Q

Influenza C

A

Uncommon and cause a mild respiratory infection. Not known to cause epidemics.

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21
Q

What is thought to be the primary natural reservoir for all subtypes of Influenza A?

A

Wild birds

22
Q

How is Influenza divided into subtypes?

A

Based on 2 proteins on surface: hemagglutinin (H) and neuramidase (N).

23
Q

What can occur as a complication to Influenza infection?

A

Bacterial infections. They should be r/o first because they present very similarly.

24
Q

Complications of flu

A

Pneumonia
Bronchitis
Sinonasal and ear infections

25
What SX of the flu is more common in kids than adults? Will everyone have a fever?
Vomiting and diarrhea. No, it is not certain to cause a fever.
26
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Virus: SX: What is a complication? Mortality rate: Who is at risk?
Coronavirus. Fever, myalgias, chills, dry cough, pleurisy. Ac. RDS <10% mortality Healthcare workers
27
Rhabdovirus is AKA: What "bodies" are found with it? Classic feature: Is it ever fatal?
Rabies Negri bodies Brainstem encephalitis Yes, when pt. is symptomatic and is not treated.
28
Viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever and could be a possible bioweapon (3)
Filoviridae (Ebola, Marburg) Arenaviridae (Lassa fever, Rift Valley fever) Flaviviridae (West Nile virus, Hantavirus, Yellow fever/Dengue)
29
WBC count in viral infection: Fevers? Dx by: What can they have strange effects on? What "system" does it effect?
Lower counts, no PMN/left shift. Lower fevers. Serology. RBCs and platelets. Reticuloendothelial system
30
WBC count in bacterial infection: Fevers? Dx by: What can it manifest?
High cts. w/ left shift/PMNs. Higher fevers. Culture usually, but can be rapid diagnostic testing. Skin.
31
Emerging arboviruses of clinical significance (2)
Zika | Chikungunya
32
Emerging zoonotic infections of clinical significance (4)
Nipha Hendra SARS MERS
33
Emerging tick-borna diseases of clinical significance (3)
Powhassan Heartland Bourbon
34
Anatomy of an arthropod
Invertebrate w/ exoskeleton, a segmented body and jointed appendages.
35
Arthropoda is a:
Phylum
36
3 genera of mosquitos relevant to human disease
Anopheles Aedes Culex
37
What parasites are transmitted by mosquitos? (2)
Malaria | Filariasis
38
What viruses are transmitted by mosquitos? (8)
``` Dengue Chikungunya Yellow fever Zika West Nile Japanese encephalitis St. Louis encephalitis La Crosse encephalitis ```
39
Members of Togaviridae arboviruses (2)
Alphavirus (mosquito-borne) | Rubella
40
Members of Flaviridae arboviruses (5)
``` St. Louis encephalitis Yellow fever Dengue West Nile virus Hanta virus pulmonary syndrome ```
41
What do hard ticks have that soft ticks don't? Are male or female ticks bigger?
A plate on its back = scutum. Visible mouthparts. Females are bigger.
42
Which ticks transmit more disease?
Hard ticks
43
Which diseases are transmitted by hard ticks? (9)
``` Lyme disease RMSF Tularemia Colorado tick fever Human tick-borne ehrlichosis American babesiosis Tick paralysis STARI Anaplasmosis ```
44
Which disease is transmitted by soft ticks? (1)
Tick-borne relapsing fever
45
What is the major DZ transmitted by ticks?
Lyme DZ - Borrelia
46
What can tick paralysis be confused w/?
Guillan-Barre syndrome
47
Ticks can be the etiology of (2):
Neurotoxic disorders | Tick-borne relapsing fever
48
Mites are arthropods belonging to class and subclass: What is their anatomy?
Arachnida and subclass Acari. 2 body regions without separate head.
49
What mite is noted in KC area?
Pyemotes herfsi
50
Some mites have been associated with: Are they considered pathogens?
Respiratory illness (incl. asthma). Not usually, but they ca be vectors for certain diseases and cause allergic and cutaneous reactions..

Mechanisms of Disease Exam #3 (11 decks)

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