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Mechanisms of Disease Exam #3 > Viral Infections > Flashcards

Viral Infections Flashcards

1
Q

6 most clinically significant DNA viruses in US

A 
Herpesvirus
Hepadnavirus
Adenovirus
Poxvirus
Parvovirus
Papovirus
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2
Q

3 ways innate immunity responds in a viral infection

A
  1. Inflammation - cytokines and complement recruit WBCs.
  2. Type I interferons interfere w/ infected cells and degrade viral nucleic acids and inhibit replication.
  3. If innate immunity fails, adaptive immunity can kick in.
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3
Q

Acute (transient) infections (4)

A

Measles
Mumps
Poliovirus
West Nile

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4
Q

Viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever and can spread from person to person (3)

A

Ebola
Marburg
Lassa

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5
Q

What are 2 major viruses in family Filoviridae?

How has it been spread?

A

Ebola, Marburg.

Most were secondarily infected via contact of body fluids of afflicted pts. Possible some may have been due to airborne transmission.

Both have been weaponized.

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6
Q

What is the major Arenaviridae family member?

What does it cause? (3)

A

Lassa.

Lassa fever, South American hemorrhagic fever, Rift Valley fever,

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7
Q

Which viruses most commonly cause latent infections?

A

Herpesviruses

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8
Q

How many types of Herpesvirus?

A

8

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9
Q

What is Herpesvirus simiae?

A

Monkey B virus. It resembles HSV-1 and can cause fatal neurological disease usually from an animal bite.

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10
Q

2 kinds of chronic, productive viral infections:

How do they escape the immune system?

A

HIV and HBV.

High mutation rate.

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11
Q

4 kinds of transforming viral infections:

What do they do?

A

EBV
HPV
HBV
HTLV-1

They can transform cells into benign or malignant cells.

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12
Q

Oncogenic RNA virus:

Oncogenic DNA viruses (5):

A

HTLV-1

HPV, EBV, HBV (and C), Merkel cell polyomavirus, HHV-8.

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13
Q

HIV-1

A

Most common and pathogenic strain of HIV.

Divided into M grp. (major) and grps. N, O and maybe P. Each have an independent transmission

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14
Q

What subtype of HIV-1 is most common in Americas, Europe, Japan and Australia?

A

Subtype B

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15
Q

HIV-2

A

Mostly in Africa.

Less pathogenic than HIV-1.

Can be contracted alone or w/ HIV-1.

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16
Q

Orthomyxovirus family –> (1)

A

Influenza

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17
Q

Paramyxovirus family –> (5)

A 
Parainfluenza
RSV
Metapneumovirus
Mumps
Measles
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18
Q

Influenza A

A

Found in animals and is the primary type in epidemic flu.

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19
Q

Influenza B

A

Circulate amongst humans. Not usually involved in epidemics.

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20
Q

Influenza C

A

Uncommon and cause a mild respiratory infection. Not known to cause epidemics.

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21
Q

What is thought to be the primary natural reservoir for all subtypes of Influenza A?

A

Wild birds

22
Q

How is Influenza divided into subtypes?

A

Based on 2 proteins on surface: hemagglutinin (H) and neuramidase (N).

23
Q

What can occur as a complication to Influenza infection?

A

Bacterial infections. They should be r/o first because they present very similarly.

24
Q

Complications of flu

A

Pneumonia
Bronchitis
Sinonasal and ear infections

25
Q

What SX of the flu is more common in kids than adults?

Will everyone have a fever?

A

Vomiting and diarrhea.

No, it is not certain to cause a fever.

26
Q

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

Virus:

SX:

What is a complication?

Mortality rate:

Who is at risk?

A

Coronavirus.

Fever, myalgias, chills, dry cough, pleurisy.

Ac. RDS

<10% mortality

Healthcare workers

27
Q

Rhabdovirus is AKA:

What “bodies” are found with it?

Classic feature:

Is it ever fatal?

A

Rabies

Negri bodies

Brainstem encephalitis

Yes, when pt. is symptomatic and is not treated.

28
Q

Viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever and could be a possible bioweapon (3)

A

Filoviridae (Ebola, Marburg)

Arenaviridae (Lassa fever, Rift Valley fever)

Flaviviridae (West Nile virus, Hantavirus, Yellow fever/Dengue)

29
Q

WBC count in viral infection:

Fevers?

Dx by:

What can they have strange effects on?

What “system” does it effect?

A

Lower counts, no PMN/left shift.

Lower fevers.

Serology.

RBCs and platelets.

Reticuloendothelial system

30
Q

WBC count in bacterial infection:

Fevers?

Dx by:

What can it manifest?

A

High cts. w/ left shift/PMNs.

Higher fevers.

Culture usually, but can be rapid diagnostic testing.

Skin.

31
Q

Emerging arboviruses of clinical significance (2)

A

Zika

Chikungunya

32
Q

Emerging zoonotic infections of clinical significance (4)

A

Nipha
Hendra
SARS
MERS

33
Q

Emerging tick-borna diseases of clinical significance (3)

A

Powhassan
Heartland
Bourbon

34
Q

Anatomy of an arthropod

A

Invertebrate w/ exoskeleton, a segmented body and jointed appendages.

35
Q

Arthropoda is a:

A

Phylum

36
Q

3 genera of mosquitos relevant to human disease

A

Anopheles
Aedes
Culex

37
Q

What parasites are transmitted by mosquitos? (2)

A

Malaria

Filariasis

38
Q

What viruses are transmitted by mosquitos? (8)

A 
Dengue
Chikungunya
Yellow fever
Zika
West Nile
Japanese encephalitis
St. Louis encephalitis
La Crosse encephalitis
39
Q

Members of Togaviridae arboviruses (2)

A

Alphavirus (mosquito-borne)

Rubella

40
Q

Members of Flaviridae arboviruses (5)

A 
St. Louis encephalitis
Yellow fever
Dengue
West Nile virus
Hanta virus pulmonary syndrome
41
Q

What do hard ticks have that soft ticks don’t?

Are male or female ticks bigger?

A

A plate on its back = scutum.
Visible mouthparts.

Females are bigger.

42
Q

Which ticks transmit more disease?

A

Hard ticks

43
Q

Which diseases are transmitted by hard ticks? (9)

A 
Lyme disease
RMSF
Tularemia
Colorado tick fever
Human tick-borne ehrlichosis
American babesiosis
Tick paralysis
STARI
Anaplasmosis
44
Q

Which disease is transmitted by soft ticks? (1)

A

Tick-borne relapsing fever

45
Q

What is the major DZ transmitted by ticks?

A

Lyme DZ - Borrelia

46
Q

What can tick paralysis be confused w/?

A

Guillan-Barre syndrome

47
Q

Ticks can be the etiology of (2):

A

Neurotoxic disorders

Tick-borne relapsing fever

48
Q

Mites are arthropods belonging to class and subclass:

What is their anatomy?

A

Arachnida and subclass Acari.

2 body regions without separate head.

49
Q

What mite is noted in KC area?

A

Pyemotes herfsi

50
Q

Some mites have been associated with:

Are they considered pathogens?

A

Respiratory illness (incl. asthma).

Not usually, but they ca be vectors for certain diseases and cause allergic and cutaneous reactions..

Mechanisms of Disease Exam #3 (11 decks)

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