Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mechanisms of Disease Exam #3 > Protozoan and Helminth Infections > Flashcards

Protozoan and Helminth Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Nematodes are:

A

Roundworms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How to DX protozoan infection?

Transmission?

Where do they usually live in humans?

A

Blood smears or lesions.

By insects or F-O route.

Blood or GI.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

3 major intestinal protozoan infections

A

Entamoeba histolytica
Giardia lamblia
Cryptosporidium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Entamoeba histolytica morphology:

Clinical findings:

A

Amoeba, oocyst, trophozoite (motile)

  1. Asymptomatic carriage - 90% are asx.
  2. Bloody diarrhea - trophozoites invade GI mucosa.
  3. Liver abscess.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Giardia lamblia morphology:

Clinical findings:

A

Oocyst, flagellated trophozoite (motile)

Foul smelling, greasy diarrhea ad abdominal distension.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cryptosporidium morphology:

Clinical findings:

A

Oocyst, life cycle occurs in infected epithelial cells.

Watery diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain. Usually slef limiting, but can be very serious in immunocompromised pts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis is the…

Morphology:

Clinical findings:

A

STD protozoan infection.

No cyst stage, but a flagellated trophozoie.

Men usually asymptomatic.
Women have a vaginitis, burning urination and a yello-green odorous discharge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

3 free-living/meningitis causing protozoa

A

Naegleria
Acanthamoeba
Balamuthia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Naegleria morphology:

Transmission:

Clinical findings:

A

Amoeba

Freshwater lakes

Acute meningitis, usually fatal within one week

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Acathamoeba morphology:

Transmission:

Clinical findings:

A

Amoeba stage, cyst stage in brain.

Freshwater lakes, eye infections from dirty contact lenses.

Chronic granulomatous brain infection that is fatal within 1 year.
Corneal infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Balamuthia morphology:

Transmission:

Clinical findings:

A

Amoeba stage, cyst stage in brain.

Freshwater and soil.

Chronic granulomatous brain infection - poor prognosis.
Granulomatous skin infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Malaria w/ severe cerebral malaria is caused by:

A

Plasmodium falciparum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Malaria is most common COD in what population?

What transmits it?

A

Kids younger that 5 y/o. 90% of deaths come from sub-Saharan Africa. 500K deaths/year.

FM Anopheles mosquitos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

3 things allowing for P. falciparum’s greater pathogenicity

A

Able to infect RBCs of any age.

Causes RBCs to clump together (rosette) and stick to endothelial cells (sequestration) via PfEMP1 protein leading to ischemia and manifestations of cerebral malaria.

GPI-linked proteins are released from infected RBCs and cause increased cytokine production (TNF, IFN-y, IL-1).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Red cell parasites (2)

A

Malaria

Babesiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Blood-borne flagellates (3)

A

Leishmaniasis
African Trypanosomiasis
Chagas disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Babesia morphology:

Transmission:

Clinical:

A

Sporozoites from tick, then becomes trophozoite in humans and infects RBCs.

Ticks (ixodes).

Asymptomatic in healthy.
Causes anemia due to hemolysis in immunocompromised.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Leishmania morphology:

Transmission:

Clinical:

A

Flagellated.

Sandfly, contaminated blood transfusion, zoonotic.

Cutaneous - single ulcer at site of sandfly bite.
Diffuse cutaneous - nodules at bite (do not ulcer) and all over body (nose mostly). Can last 20 yrs w/o TX.

19
Q

African Trypanosome morphology? Where does it live in humans? (3)

Transmission:

Clinical:

A

Flagellated. In blood, LNs and CNS.

Tsetse fly bite, contaminated transfusion.

African sleeping sickness: hard ulcer at bite site.

  • fever, HA, LN swelling.
  • CNS sx: drowsiness, sleepiness, trouble walking, etc.
20
Q

American Trypanosome morphology (2)? Where does it live?

Transfusion:

Clinical types (3)

A

Flagellated form is EC and lives in blood.
Non-motile and IC is present in Mo and LNs, heart and brain.

Kissing bite defecation, blood transfusion.

Chagas disease: hardened red area at site of bite.
Acute Chagas disease: fever, malaise, LN swelling. Meningocephalitis, acute myocarditis.
Chronic Chagas has significan heart problems associated.

21
Q

Helminths are…

How are they contracted?

Where do they live?

DX?

A

Multicellular euks.

By consuming parasite, often in undercooked meat or direct invasion.

GI, skin, lung, liver, muscle, BVs and lymphatics.

Microscopic eval of larvae or ova in excretions or tissues.

22
Q

Life cycle of Acaris

A

Eggs -> swallowed -> GI tract/develop -> penetrate gut wall and travel to lungs -> larvae develop in lungs, then coughed up (pneumonia phase) -> GI tract again -> excreted -> eggs

23
Q

Blood and tissue nematodes (3)

A

Onchocerca volvulus - “river blindness”

Wucheria boncroft - impaired lymph drainage.

Dracunculus medinesis - infect mediastinum. “Guinea worm”. Found in water.

24
Q

Flatworms (platyhelminthes) types (2)

A

Trematomes: flukes.
Schistosomes: blood flukes.

25
Q

Schistosomes are aqcuired…

Where is it most common?

A

Freshwater and very common worldwide (2nd to Malaria). Hosts are snails. Penetrate via skin. Reside in veins associated w/ GI, liver, bladder.

Subsaharan Africa, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and the Caribbean

26
Q

Cestodes (tapeworms) and what they come from: (4)

Extraintestinal tapeworm (1)

A

Taenia solium - pork
Taenia saginata - beef
Diphyllobothrium latum - fish
Hymenolepsis nana - “dwarf” tapeworm

Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid disease) - cystic liver dz.

27
Q

Which protists are associated w/ diarrhea? (4)

A

Giardia
Cryptosporidia
Entamoeba histolytica
Cyclospora

28
Q

Acaris lumbricans

A

Classic roundworm (GI)

29
Q

Necatur americanus

A

Classic hookworm (GI)

30
Q

Trichinella spiralis

A

From pork. Skeletal problems, pain. (GI)

31
Q

Trichuris trichuria

A

Whip worm (GI)

32
Q

Enterobius vermicularis

A

Pinworm. Itchy anus in kids. (GI)

33
Q

P. falciparum

Episodes of fever/chills?

Continual reproduction in liver?

Anemia?

Severe clinical manifestations?

Chloroquine sensitivity?

A

Episodes of fever/chills: erratic, usually continuous.

Continual reproduction in liver: No

Anemia: Yes

Severe clinical manifestations: Yes (brain and kidneys)

Chloroquine sensitivity: No

34
Q

P. vivax and ovale

Episodes/cycles of fever/chills?

Continual reproduction in liver?

Anemia?

Severe clinical manifestations?

Chloroquine sensitivity?

A

Episodes/cycles of fever/chills: 48 hr (tertian)

Continual reproduction in liver: Yes

Anemia: Yes

Severe clinical manifestations: No

Chloroquine sensitivity: Yes

35
Q

P. malariae

Episodes/cycles of fever/chills?

Continual reproduction in liver?

Anemia?

Severe clinical manifestations?

Chloroquine sensitivity?

A

Episodes of fever/chills: 72 hr (quartan)

Continual reproduction in liver:No

Anemia: Yes

Severe clinical manifestations: No

Chloroquine sensitivity: Yes

36
Q

P. knowles

Episodes/cycles of fever/chills?

Continual reproduction in liver?

Anemia?

Severe clinical manifestations?

Chloroquine sensitivity?

A

Episodes/cycles of fever/chills: unknown

Continual reproduction in liver: No

Anemia: Yes

Severe clinical manifestations: Yes

Chloroquine sensitivity: Yes

37
Q

What type of malaria continuously reproduces in the liver?

A

P. vivax and ovale

38
Q

What type of malaria have “severe clinical manifestations”?

A

P. falciparum

P. knowles

39
Q

Which type of malaria is NOT chloroquine sensitive?

A

P. falciparum

40
Q

Epidoses/cycles of:

P. falciparum

P. vivax/ovale

P. malariae

P. knowles

A

P. falciparum - erratic/continuous

P. vivax/ovale - 48 hr (tertian)

P. malariae - 72 hr (quartan)

P. knowles - unknown

41
Q

Taenia solium is a:

What’s it from?

A

Cestode - tapeworm.

Pork.

42
Q

Taenia saginata is a:

What’s it from?

A

Cestode - tapeworm.

Beef.

43
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum is a:

What’s it from?

A

Cestode - tapeworm.

Fish.

44
Q

Echinococcus granulosus is a:

AKA:

Outcome:

A

Cestode - tapeworm.

Hyatid DZ.

Cystic liver DZ.

Mechanisms of Disease Exam #3 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions