Viral Infections

Question 1

How do you distinguish adenovirus infection?

Answer 1

accompanied by viral conjunctivitis + common cold symptoms

(both eyes)

Question 2

Human metapneumovirus is similar to which disease?

Answer 2

RSV

Question 3

Transmission of Hanta Virus

Answer 3

vertebrates (no arthropods)

Question 4

Hanta (Sin Nombre) particles are ______ (enveloped/Non), and contain ______ (enzyme)

Answer 4

enveloped
polymerase

Question 5

Genome of Hanta virus

Answer 5

negative sense
ss-RNA
trisegmented

Question 6

Structural proteins on Hanta (sin nombre) virus

Answer 6

glycoproteins (G1, G2 nucleoprotein): N (helical capsid)

Question 7

How does hanta virus kill?

Answer 7

fills lungs with fluid
(immune over reaction to G2 proteins)

Question 8

How do you detect hantavirus?

Answer 8

IgM or IgG
positive reverse transcription PCR
immunohistochemistry

Question 9

Symptoms of hanta virus

Answer 9

fever
thrombocytopenia
interstitial edema

Question 10

why does influenza replication include the nucleus

Answer 10

it needs protein splicing (located in nucleus)

Question 11

How does influenza kill?

(35K people/year)

Answer 11

secondary bacterial infection
dehydration
worsening of comorbid conditions (DM, CHF, asthma)

Question 12

Why does influenza spread rapidly?

Answer 12

During 18-72 hour incubation, sheds
fomites (short-lived)

Question 13

How do patients acquire bacterial infection secondary to the flu?

Answer 13

mucociliary escalator impairment (virus or CTLs)
damage to epithelium allows bacterial pathogen entry

Question 14

Roles of antibodies in influenza infection?

Answer 14

anti-HA response to neutralize
Response to M2
(protection against mortality, but once it gets into one cell though, it’s up to the CTLs to clear)

Question 15

Key clue that an influenza pandemic is emerging (vs. seasonal)

Answer 15

disease seen outside of winter months (“normal flu season”)

Question 16

Is haemophilus influenza flu?

Answer 16

no, it a secondary bacterial infection to flu

Question 17

Why did SARS - CoV 1 NOT cause a pandemic (like SARS CoV-2)?

Answer 17

transmission only happened in symptomatic people

Question 18

SARS-CoV-1 vector

Answer 18

horseshoe bat

Question 19

MERS vector

Answer 19

egyptian tomb bats –> camels

Question 20

Why are COVID vaccines providing lasting immunity (against severe disease & death)?

Answer 20

SARS-CoV-2 does not change its T cell epitopes as much as the B cells epitopes. We still have T cell memory!
(we still get infected, but it is MILD)

Question 21

Why are DNA vaccines being made for COVID?

Answer 21

RNA are heat label (must be frozen w/nitrogen and CO2; DNA needs basic solution only)

Question 22

How does the live vector-subunit COVID vaccine work?

Answer 22

gene coding for spike protein inserted into modified chimpanzee adenovirus

(the plot to I Am Legend!!)

Question 23

How do vaccine-induced antibody response vaccines work?

Answer 23

neutralize virus + increase phagocytosis

Question 24

How does the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine work (mRNA)?

Answer 24

RNA w/code for spike protein fuses w/cells –> spike protein made by cells and presented to immune cells –>cross presentation = T cell & B cell response!!

Question 25

Disadvantage of Live vector-subunit vaccine against COVID?

Answer 25

naturally-acquired adenovirus immunity (previous infection) may prevent boosting