Pulmonary Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogenesis of asthma vs. COPD

A

Asthma : eosinophils
COPD: neutrophils

(corticosteroids to tx asthma)

asthma = reversible

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2
Q

SABA are used to treat _______ (asthma/COPD); LAMA are used to treat __________ (asthma/COPD).

A
  • asthma
  • COPD
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3
Q

List 3 general categories of brochodilators

(tx asthma & COPD)

A
  1. Beta agonists
  2. Muscarinic antagonists
  3. Theophylline

beta agonists & muscarinic antagonists have long and short - acting

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4
Q

Methylxanthines block ______; whereas iberiotoxins block ______.

both are beta 2 agonists

A
  • PDE
  • K+ channels
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5
Q

Chemically, albuterol is a racemic mixture of

A

active R- and inactive S- isomers

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6
Q

What is the chemical difference of levalbuterol?

A

it is R-albuterol

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7
Q

List the 2 short-acting B-2 agonists

A

levalbuterol
albuterol

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8
Q

Which bronchodilator reduces sympathetic neurotransmission, decreases vascular leakage, increases mucous secretion and increases cAMP?

A

albuterol

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9
Q

Restlessness, tachycardia, hypotension, chest pain and tremors are adverse effects of which bronchodilator?

A

albuterol

(B receptor agonists block K+ efflux?)

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10
Q

Which 2 B2 agonists can not be used with MOA-I or TCAs?

A
  1. fomoterol
  2. albuterol
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11
Q

Tachycardia (200 bpm), tremor, seizure, and hypokalemia are signs of ____________ (overdose).

A

albuterol

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12
Q

LABAs MUST be used with _____________(medication)

A

ICS

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13
Q

Which Rx is used as maintenance treatment of bronchoconstriction in COPD?

A

Fomoterol

LABA

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14
Q

Which respiratory medications prevent the release of granules from mast cells (3)?

A
  1. fomoterol
  2. omalizumab
  3. cromolyn
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15
Q

Which respiratory Rx prevents mast cell degranulation by indirectly blocking Ca2+ channels on the mast cell?

A

cromolyn

(ipratropium prevents Ca2+ increase in bronchial smooth muscle cells

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16
Q

Which 2 respiratory Rx increase the risk of asthma-related death if used without long-term asthma control Rx?

A
  1. fomoterol
  2. salmeterol
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17
Q

Rx that teats asthma & COPD

A

salmeterol

(fomerterol treats COPD only)

18
Q

Terbutaline & Omalizumab route of administration

A

injection

(Ipratropium & theophylline given IV)

19
Q

which 2 medications treat reversible broncospasm associated w/chronic broncitis or emphysema?

A
  1. tertbutaline
  2. theophylline
20
Q

Which B2 agonist that treats asthma is also used for tocolysis?

(tocolysis: prevents labor)

A

tertbutaline

(do NOT use beyond 48-72 hours)

because it is IV –> systemic effects

21
Q

Which class of bronchodilator blocks bronchoconstriction and also tracheobronchial mucus secretion?

A

muscarinic antagonists

(don’t forget DUMBBELLS side effects)

22
Q

Which bronchodilator blocks the increase of Ca2+ in bronchial smooth muscles?

A

Ipratropium

23
Q

Which 3 bronchodilators are used as maintenance for COPD?

A
  1. Ipratropium
  2. Tiotropium
  3. Salmeterol
24
Q

Which bronchodilator has the shortest half-life? Which has the longest?

A
  • Ipratropium (2 hours)
  • Tiotropium (44 hours)
25
Q

Anaphylaxis and parodoxical bronchospasms is a side effect of which bronchodilator Rx?

A

Ipratropium

(omalizumab may cause anaphylaxis also)

26
Q

Which medication treats COPD & asthma long-term and has a long half life of 44 hours?

A

Tiotropium

(anicholinergic: M1 to M5 receptors)

27
Q

Which medication prevents histamine release at high concentrations, and inhibits PDE at low concentrations?

A

Theophylline

(methylxanthine)

28
Q

Ipratropium & theophylline route of administration?

A

IV

(theophylline + oral; ipratropium + inhalation)

29
Q

The plasma clearance of which medication may be affected by liver disease, smoking or dietary changes?

A

Theophylline

(metabolized by CYP 1A2, 2E1, 3A3)

30
Q

Theophylline is metabolized by CYP 1A2, 2E1, 3A3. It may increase clearance of which 3 medications?

A
  1. rifampicin
  2. barbituates
  3. EtOH
31
Q

Theophylline is metabolized by CYP 1A2, 2E1, 3A3. It may decrease clearance of which 7 medications?

A
  1. cimetidine
  2. erythromycin
  3. ciprofloxacin
  4. allopurinol
  5. fluvoxamine
  6. zileuton
  7. zafirlukast
32
Q

At low doses, wich medication causes n/v, headache, GI discomfort and insomnia?

A

theophylline

33
Q

Which medication is dosed based on serum concentration?

A

theophylline

(between 20-40 mg/L)

34
Q

Which medication can exacerbate PUD, seizures and arrhythmias?

A

Theophylline

35
Q

Which bronchodilator is NOT indicated for acute bronchospasm?

(used for COPD)

A

Roflumilast

(PDE4 inhibitor)

36
Q

Which 2 medications inhibit PDE?

increases cAMP

A
  1. theophylline
  2. roflumilast
37
Q

Which bronchodilator is contraindicated in patients with severe liver impairment?

A
  1. roflumilast
  2. zileuton

(monteleukast req. liver monitoring)

38
Q

Which medication is metabolized by phase I & phase II reactions (CYP 1A2 & 3A4)?

A

roflumilast

39
Q

Which novel potential bronchodilator is used for severe acute asthma?

(reduces cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations)

A

magnesium sulfate

40
Q

How would a K+ channel opener work as a bronchodilator?

A

opening ATP-dependent K+ channel membrane leads to hyperpolarization & relaxation

(cromakalim or levcromakalim)