viral diseases Flashcards
viral diseases sources
pets, wild animals, biological contaminants, humans
health surveillance programs
resident animal sampling, soiled bedding sentinels, environmental sampling
resident animal sampling advantages/disadvantages
collect samples from members of the group
advantages- avoid external sentinels, no lag time
disadvantages- animals in IVC cages, challenges selecting animals
soiled bedding sentinels
externally sourced animal exposed to bedding (delayed, indirect)
advantages-allows monitoring in immunocompromised colonies, SPF colonies
disadvantages- can introduce new infections, not all agents will be transmitted, higher cpst, high euths
environmental sampling advantages/disadvantages
advantages- reliable, good detection, high Se/Sp, 3Rs
disadvantages- false +ve, cost
serology
MFIA, ELISA
detects immune response, highly Sp, persist for life
cheap, one blood sample
PCR
detects infectious agent, highly Sp
good for immunodeficient, incoming quarantine animals, agents that persist in tissues
pooled samples
reduced cost, needs good Se, need to individually retest
prevention
no rodent pets
test biologicals
control wild rodents
sterilize supplies
quarantine new animals
ucalgarys import requirements
description of facility
facility hx for the past yr
-ve serology 3m
parasitology 3m
biological inj documentation
certification from vet
considerations for +ve test
confirm +ve, determine source
change biosecurity
tell stakeholders
determine action (impact of agent, tx, resources)
reevaluate institution measures
treatment
allow burnout, treat, or cull
depop-> restocking, rederivation
isolation of +ves vs depopulation
isolation- study continues, less animal loss, but more expensive, higher biosecurity, high risk
depop- eliminates infection but w high loss, cost, disrupts studies
rederivation
transfer embryos to pathogen free surrogates, (washed embryos). takes 12 wks, $$$
sendai virus C/S, pathology, dx, tx
paramyxovirus-mice rats hamsters
transmission via resp, aerosol
C/S- lethal for neonates, hunched posture, dyspnea, wasting syndrome (immunocompromised)
pathology- lung consolidation, pleural adhesions broncho/interstitial pneumonia on histo
dx- serology, histopath, PCR
tx- self limiting, cull if immunocompromised
research complication- immunosuppression, infection, death
rat sialodacryoadenitis transmission, C/S, path, dx, tx
coronavirus- aerosol, direct contact, transplacental in GP
C/S- conjunctivitis preweaning, adults-> cervical swelling, eye.nasal dc, corneal ulcers, chromodacryorrhea
path- rhinitis, tracheitis,
dx- serology, PCR, histopath
tx- burnout 6-8wks, depopulation
complications- impairs nerve regeneration, alters resp research
GP adenovirus
resp transmission
C/S- sudden death, dyspnea
path- necrotizing bronchiolitis
dx- serology, histo
tx- source from SPF, surveillance
reovirus
mice rats hamsters GP
fecal oral transmission, direct contact
C/S- abd distension, oily coat, icterus, tremors, paralysis
path- red distended intestines, bright yellow contents, big liver, lung hemorrhage
dx- serology, PCR
tx- depopulation
complications- mortality, CV/GI/neuro research
rotaviru
mice rats rabbits
fecal oral transmission
C/S- bloat, fecal staining, perianal dermatitis, d+
dx- serology
tx- depop
complications- immune and GI
mousepox/ectromelia
transmission- direct contact
C/S- acute death, chronic- skin lesions throughout body, feet/tail necrosis
path- epidermal ulcderation, white foci on spleen/liver. histo necrosis
dx- serology, PCR, histo
tx- screening, test biological, depopulate
rabbit pox viruses (myxomatosis, shope fibroma, rabbit pox)
aerosol transmission, arthropods
C/S myxomatosis- SC masses, edema, mucopurulent dc, death
shope- self limiting flat SC masses
pox- fever, nasal dc, eye ulcers/dc
path- myxomas, fibromas, nodules in organs w necrosis
dx- PCR serology
tx- vx in UK
parvo
mice, rats, hamsters
C/S- subclinical, rats dyspnea
hamsters- tooth loss, discolouration, d+, ataxia
path- varies w strain
dx- serology, PCR
tx-repopulation
changes immune responses
lymphocytic choriomeningitis
arenavirus- mice hamsters GP primates
direct transmission
C/S- subclinical unless in utero- wasting disease
path- lymphocytic choriomeningitis on histo, vasculitis
dx- serology, PCR
tx- screening, depopulation
complications- zoonotic, immune system
hantavirus
wild rodents
direct/indirect transmission
C/S- asymptomatic in rodents. humans- fever, chills, nausea, v+/d+
shortness of breath-> death
dx- serology, PCR
tx- exclude wild rodents, test biologicals, depopulate
zoonotic
mouse hepatitis virus
coronavirus- direct transmission, aerosol
C/S- subclinical unless young/immunocompromised- polytropic wasting, enterotropic
dx- serology, PCR
tx- surveillance
complications- impacts immune system
murine adenovirus
direct contact transmission (urine, feces, nasal dc)
C/S- subclinical mostly, lethargy, wasting, death
path- multisystemic necrosis (neonates), IN inclusions in adrenals/SI
dx- serology PCR
tx- pest control, screening
polyomavirus
mice hamsters
resp transmission
C/S mice- subclinical in adults, tumours, neuro signs, wasting in neonates
hamsters- trichoepitheliomas in adults, lymphoma in juveniles
path- epithelial tumours
dx- serology PCR
tx- testing biologicals, depopulation
complications- shortened lifespan
mouse norovirus (calicivirus)
fecal oral transmission
C/S- subclinical mostly, or d+, wasting, death
path- hepatitis, peritonitis, interstitial pneumonia
dx- serology, PCR
tx- not typically excluded
theilovirus
picornavirus
fecal oral transmission
C/S- subclinical, flaccid paralysis HL
path- demyelinating lesions
tx- screening, test biologicals, depopulation
complications- nervous system, immune system
RHD (calicivirus)
direct transmission (secretions)
C/S- peracute death, neuro/resp signs, epistaxis, death
path- pulmonary hemorrhage, hepatitis w necrosis
dx- serology, histopath
tx- depopulation
reportable
