VIP and Academic Performance Flashcards
What is the long definition of disability?
a physical, mental, cognitive, or developmental condition that impairs, interferes with, or limits a person’s ability to engage in certain tasks or actions or participate in typical daily activities and interactions
What are the three short definitions of disability?
1) impairment that prevents someone from engaging in gainful employment 2) disqualification, restriction or disadvantage 3) lack of legal qualification to do something
The ____ is not the _____
diagnosis, disability OR diagnosis, person
T/F someone may have a specific condition that is not causing impairment
true
What life activities must have a substantial impairment for a diagnosis to be a disability?
caring for oneself, seeing, hearing, eating, sleeping, walking, standing, breathing, learning, reading, concentration, thinking, communicating, working etc
What are learning disabilities?
group of disorders resulting in significant difficulty with listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, mathematical ability
What is NOT a learning disability?
not the result of an intellectual disability, insufficient/inappropriate instruction, cultural differences, social/emotional disturbance
What is the prevalence of learning disabilities?
5.4% average-developing schoolchildren; 27.8% children with special health care needs
About ___% of children with learning disabilities have reading problems?
75%
About___% of students with a learning disability have ONLY a visual perceptual disorder
20%
About __% of students with a learning disability have a visual perceptual disorder combined with other factors
20%
What is a reading dysfunction?
Scheiman and Wick– a failure to learn to read despite average or above-average intelligence, adequate or even abundant educational opportunities, normal sensory development (auditory and visual), normal culturation, no frank brain damage, and no primary emotional disturbance
What is NOT a reading dysfunction?
cognitive disability, emotional disturbance, educational deprivation, hearing impairment, visual handicaps
What is learning to read?
emphasis on word recognition and recall, large print, few words on each page, reading does not extend for long periods of time, writing used to reinforce reading
What is reading to learn?
longer reading assignments, smaller print, phonic cues less available, word analysis more automatic, emphasis shifts to comprehension and speed
What are visual components of learning to read?
accurate oculomotor skills, visual perception and memory, ability to integrate auditory and visual stimuli
What are visual components of reading to learn?
accommodation and binocularity, oculomotor control to keep place, visual perception plays a decreasing role, visual efficiency (track, team, focus) problems more likely to affect performance
Visual perceptual skills are related to ___
achievement
Visual perceptual skills are attributed to ____ of reading ability
6-20% in variance
What two skills show the highest association with reading ability?
visual memory and visual discrimination
What is an important factor in successful reading to learn?
visual perceptual processing speed
T/F VMI in younger grades can be used as a predictive factor
true– related to academic success in later grades; poor performance in VMI successfully predicted poor academic performance later
What is one possible theory of reversals?
a child learns to look at individual parts of a letter to determine what letter it is which creates problems for ambiguous letters
What are ambiguous letter examples?
lowercase b, d, p, q all have a straight line and a hump and the child must understand directional orientation in order to label these correctly
What question needs to be asked about poor readers that tend to make more reversals?
are reversal errors related to linguistic skills or is it a visual issue
T/F reversals are diagnostic for dyslexia
false
What is sequential memory?
the ability to remember a sequence
What are letters in a particular order?
words
What is visual spatial memory?
the ability to remember spatial location or to reproduce a design/form
What is sequential memory related to?
strongly related to language skills that are used to label stimuli
What is visual spatial memory related to?
the ability to remember whole words as visual gestalts “sight words”
Math related learning disabilities are often related to deficiencies in…
visual spatial organization and visual motor integration
Math involves the use of…
spatial reasoning, visual imagery, visual discrimination, visual memory
What also plays a role in VIP and math?
simultaneous processing
What is simultaneous processing?
processing of info in a holistic fashion as a whole gestalt
What was the civil rights law that allowed for individuals with disability to have equal access to services and facilities ?
american’s with disabilities act ADA 1990
What does the ADA cover?
all individuals with disabilities, all public buildings, employers with more than 15 employees, services and facilities of private corporations and non-profits
What does the ADA mean for institutions?
institutions must make necessary adjustments, renovations, etc to ensure access to those with disabilities
What is section 504 of the rehabilitation act of 1973?
civil rights law allowing for individuals with disability to have equal access to services and facilities
What does section 504 cover?
disabled individuals using public institutions that receive federal funds
What does 504 cover specifically?
nondiscrimination when applying for federal grants/programs, applies to school-age children K-12, physical or mental disorders
What does 504 include?
binocular, accommodative, oculomotor dysfunctions, amblyopia, strabismus and visual impairment
T/F state and local education budgets must provide the funding to allow for equal access
true
What act states that children with disabilities have the right to a free, appropriate public education?
individuals with disabilities education act IDEA 1975
Who does IDEA cover?
children with disabilities in the K-12 education system, additional provisions for individuals age 18-21 years with disabilities, and additional provisions for children under age 3 deemed at risk
What categories does IDEA cover?
13 disability categories… see moodle
T/F student must have a disability and need special education to make progress in school
true
What is created after IDEA evaluation?
IEP
How many students benefit from IDEA?
5.9 million in the US
What is an individualized education plan?
a legal document outlining the child’s current level of performance and learning needs, services and accommodations the school will provide, how progress will be measured, and transition planning for teens/young adults post HS
Who creates an IEP?
parents, teacher, reading specialist, speech language pathologist, physician, optometrist
How often is an IEP reviewed?
must be re-evaluated annually and can be amended/altered
T/F an IEP can be used for children under IDEA or section 504
true
What are potential classroom accommodations?
use finger or ruler for tracking, shortened assignments, frequent breaks from work (stand up/stretch; 20/20/20), extended time to complete assignments, extended time for testing (time and a half), and read test items to student aloud
What is 20/20/20?
visual hygiene… every 20 mins take a 20 sec break and look 20 ft away
What is the optometrist’s role in learning ability?
refraction correction, assessment and treatment of ocular health conditions, write a detailed report
What is in a visual efficiency evaluation?
accommodation, vergence, oculomotor
What is in a VIP evaluation?
visual spatial skills, visual analysis skills, visual-motor integration skills
What is a VT eval report?
legal part of the medical record (proofread!) sent to other professionals
What is in a VT eval report?
documentation to support clinical judgments, clinical data, solid and clearly explained rationale; use standard scores/percentiles/z-scores
What should you write about testing in the VT eval report?
describe what the test assesses, why is it appropriate (age/grade level), findings as compared to age/grade-level norms, what does it mean in a classroom setting
