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A&P II > VI. Immune System > Flashcards

VI. Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

immunosupressed

A

ie person on chemotherapueutic agents or high doses of steroids - cancer treatment or organ transplant

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2
Q

Immunocompromised

A

chronic diseases affecting major body system

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3
Q

Immunodeficient

A

HIV or AIDS

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4
Q

Susceptibility

A

NOT age related; breach of body’s immune system due to a co-existing condition wwith which the body is struggling to cope - chronic diseases
hypertension, diabetes, cancer, TB, AIDS

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5
Q

Vulnerability

A

Age specific, very young or elderly

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6
Q

Lack of resistance

A

body’s inability to defend itself against non-self

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7
Q

Immunity (adaptive or specific resistance)

A

Ability of body to differentiate SELF and NON-SELF

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8
Q

Nonspecific Defenses

A

1 Physical barriers

  1. Phagocytes
  2. Natural Killer Cells
  3. Interferons
  4. Complement
  5. Fever
  6. Inflammation
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9
Q

Physical Barriers (list)

A 
Epithelial Coverings 
       Skin
       Mucus membranes
Secretions
Hair, nails
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10
Q

Phagocytes (list)

A

Microphages (neutrophils, eosinophils)

Macrophages - most tissues, kill invading pathogens

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11
Q

Macrophage (definition, function)

A

Monocyte that leaves blood - migrate to connective tissue

OR - fixed macropahges - phagocytize pathogens that come to them

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12
Q

Chemotoxis

A

attracted or replled by chemicals (macrophages)

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13
Q

Diapedesis

A

squeeze between capillary cells (macrophages)

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14
Q

Types of fixed macrophages

A

Microglica (central nervous system)

Alveolar - lungs

Hepatic - Liver

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15
Q

Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells) - function

A

Recognize, destroy abnormal cells

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16
Q

What releases perforins?

A

Natural killer cells

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17
Q

What do perforins do?

A

Poke holes in cell membrane, allow water and salt in

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18
Q

What releases granzymes, what do they do?

A

NK cells; break down cells enzymes

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19
Q

Interferons (released by, function)

A

Small proteins released by:
lymphocytes
macrophages
virus-infected cells

INTEREFERE with replication of virus

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20
Q

Complement Activation

A
  1. destruction of invader
  2. inflammation
  3. attract phagocytes
  4. binding cites coat antigens
  5. bind
  6. circulate to liver and spleen for macrophages to remove
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21
Q

Activation pathway (2 ways)

A

Classic - rapid, antibody-antigen complex

alternate - slower, antigen triggered

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22
Q

Fever (function)

A

inhibits reproduction of bacteria and viruses, speeds metabolism and tissue repair

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23
Q

Causes of fever

A

Pyrogens 9 chemicals that reset hypothalmic thermostat

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24
Q

Pyrogens

A

Cause fever

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25
Inflammation (produces)
``` swelling heat redness pain loss of function ```
26
Hyperemia
increased blood flow, causes vasodilation
27
Heparin
prevents clotting at site of injury, traps pathogens
28
What leukocyte is first one cite with contained pathogens?
neutrophils
29
colony-stimulating factor
secreted by macrophages and T-cells - increase neutrophils and eosinophils
30
Monocyte function
cleanup and repair
31
Edema
compresses veins, reduces drainage
32
Specific immunity
directed against a specific pathogen, | uses memory cells and antibodies
33
Cellular Immunity
T-Cells | Directly attack and destroys foreign cells, can't be reached by antibodies
34
Humoral (antibody-mechanical) immunity
B-Cells Indirect antibodies assault the pathogen Work during extracellular stage of infection
35
Antigens
molocules that trigger an immune reaction
36
Long term immunity
Results from production of memory cells | and antibodies - both defend against a second invasion
37
Memory cells
copies of specific T & B lymphocytes
38
Antiobides
Large protein molecules - bind and destroy specific antigens
39
Types of Immunity (2)
Innate | Acquired
40
Types of Acquired Immunity (4)
Natural ACTIVE Natural PASSIVE Induced (artificial) ACTIVE Induced (artificial) PASSIVE
41
Innate Immunity
Genetic, present at birth
42
Naturally acquired active immunity
Developed after exposure to a pathogen - body produces antibodies or T cells
43
Natural passive immunity
Antibodies produced by mother and passed to fetus or nursing infant
44
Induced active immunity
developed after one is given a dosage of antigen - smallpox, flu, tetanus
45
Induced passive immunity
Antibodies administered to fight infection (ie snake bite antivenom) - use ready made antibodies
46
Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)
cells which present antigen - damaged or viral infected cells monocytes Dendritic cells B- lymphocytes
47
MHC - Major Histocompatibility Complex
ingest and digest invader antigen, insert a piece of antigen into MHC on surface of membrane
48
Cell-mediated immunity response
Activation of Cytotoxic T cells
49
Cell-mediated immune response begins with _____
activation of T Cells by antigen presenting call
50
What does cell-mediated immunity lead to
production of several types of T cells specific to the invader, destroys it
51
4 types of T cells
1. Cytotoxic Killer T Cells (CK) 2. Helper T Cells 3. Suppresser T Cells 4. Memory T Cells
52
Cytotoxic Killer T Cells
DIRECTLY attack antigens
53
Helper T Cells
Activate B Cells and T Cells
54
Suppresser T Cells
Inhibit B cells and T cells
55
Memory T Cells
react to antigen that has previously invaded
56
First step in T Cell activation
Helper T Cells
57
Which T Cells recognize antigen
Cytotoxic T cells
58
Which T Cells destroy infected Cell
Cytotoxic T Cells
59
Causative agent for AIDS
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
60
Opportunistic Infections
Infections that occur more often or are more severe in people with weakened immune systems
61
4 types classes of immune hypersensitivity
I - Allergy II - Cytoxic antibody-dependent III - Immune complex diseases IV - Delayed-type hypersensitivity, cell-mediated immune response, antibody-independent
62
Anaphylaxis
allergic reaction, shock is when poor blood circulation as a result deprives the body of oxygen and nutrients. Does not happen with most cases.
63
Self-tolerance in immune system
Ability of immune system to recognize self-produced antigens as a non-threat. Some immunotherapies for cancer require breaking self-tolerance mechanisms. Failure of this system includes transplants, IBD, multiple sclerosis, celiac, type 1 diabetes.
64
5 immunoglobulin types
``` IgG IgM IgA IgE IgD ``` GMAED

A&P II (13 decks)

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