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A&P II > I Blood & Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

I Blood & Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Blood

A
  1. Transportation - O2, CO2, Nutrients, Waste
  2. Regulation - temperature, pH, Osmotic Fluid Balance
  3. Protection - Immune functions, clotting
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2
Q

Transportation Function of Blood

A

O2, CO2, Nutrients, waste

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3
Q

Regulation function of blood

A

temperature, pH, Osmotic fluid balance

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4
Q

Protection Function of Blood

A

Immune functions, clotting

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5
Q

Blood pH

A

7.4

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6
Q

Blood volume

A

Men 5-6 liters, women 4-5 liters

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7
Q

Plasma proteins

A

Albumens, Globulins, Fibrinogen

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8
Q

Function of Albumen and %

A

55-60% viscosity, osmotic pressure, transport

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9
Q

Function of Globulin and %

A

35-38% Disease fighting antibodies, transport

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10
Q

Function of Fibrinogen

A

4-7% Blood clotting

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11
Q

Origins of plasma proteins

A

Liver - 90% albumens, fibrogen, transport globulins

Lymphocytes - immunoglobins

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12
Q

Three formed elements of blood

A

Thrombocytes
Leukocytes
Erythrocytes

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13
Q

Functions of Erthyrocytes

A

Carry O2, CO2. Determine blood viscosity

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14
Q

Structure of Erythrocytes

A

Biconcave, no nucleus (coughdrop)

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15
Q

Lifespan of Erythrocyte

A

120 days

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16
Q

Can erythrocytes divide?

A

Nope.

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17
Q

Definition of Hemopoiesis

A

Formation of blood cells in red blood marrow

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18
Q

What are Hemocytoblasts?

A

Stem cells that divide to form red and white blood cells

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19
Q

what are “blasts”?

A

Prescursor cells - step between stem cell and formed element

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20
Q

Myeloid stem cells divide into…

A

Erythrocytes
Platlets
Monocytes
Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil

NOT: B, T Lymphocyte

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21
Q

Lymphoid stem cells divide into…

A

B Lymphocyte

T Lymphocyte

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22
Q

Pluripotent Stem cells:

A

Found in tissues and orgrans
form ALL THE DIFFERENT CELLS of the SAME tissue
(ie Hemocytoblast forms all cells =of blood)

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23
Q

Totipotent stems cells

A

within 48 hours of fertilizaiton - capable of becoming a complete organism

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24
Q

Multipotent stem cells

A

Germ cells - ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.
In embryonic stage.
Capable of forming different tissues

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25
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Formation of red blood cells.
3 million per second
Takes 12-15 days
Regulated by hormone erythropoietin

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26
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Regulates RBC production
Produced by KIDNEY
Negative feedback loop

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27
Q

RBC Formation Process**

A

1a. Hemocytoblasts (become) —->
1b. Erythrocyte Colony Forming Unit (CFU)
have nucleus, form hemoglobin
2. Erythroblast
hemoglobin increases
nucleus shrinks
cell shrinks
3. Reticuloycte
loses nucleus
enters circulation
4. Mature Erythrocyte

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28
Q

RBC breakdown

A
  1. Macrophages engulf dying cell
  2. Hemoglobin broken down
    globin –> amino acids released/reused
    heme –> converted to bilirubin
  3. Bilirubin - goes to liver
    excreted in bile; removed with feces and urine
  4. Iron - binds to plasma protein , returns to bone marrow
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29
Q

Leukocytes

A

White Blood Cells

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30
Q

Functions of Leukocytes

A

Defend against infections
Remove toxins and wastes
Movements
Move out of blood and into tissue
Attracted to chemicals from pathogens or damaged cells
Some are phagocytotic - engulf cells, wastes

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31
Q

Types of Leukocytes

A

Granular - Neutrophil, Basophils, Eosinophils

Agranular - Lymphocytes, Monocytes

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32
Q

Neutrophil (%, Function, Feature)

A

60-70% of WBC
Phagocytize bacteria
Whole bunch of lobes. Granular.

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33
Q

Neutrophil releases (2)

A

Inflammation producing prostoglandins

Phagocyte attracting leukotrines

34
Q

Eosinophils (%, Function, Feature)

A 
2-4% of WBC
Kills parasites
Increase during allergic reactions 
*Reduce inflammation
Two lobes, connected by a thread. Granular.
35
Q

Basophils (%, Function, Feature)

A 
~1% of WBC
Releases histamine CAUSES inflammation
Releases Heparin to prevent clotting
Increases during allergic reactions
Granular as shit.  Looks like a bunch of dots.
36
Q

Which Leukocyte releases heparin to reduce clotting?

37
Q

Which Leukocyte releases histamine to CAUSE inflammation

38
Q

Monocytes (%, Function, Feature)

A

3-8% WBC
Leaves blood - BECOMES macrophages
Engulfs microbes, esp. viruses
Kidney shaped nucleus

39
Q

Lymphocytes (%, Function, Feature)

A 
25-33% of WBC
Moves between tissues and blood
Three types
T cells
B cells 
NK cells
Dot in a dot
40
Q

T cells function (lymphocyte)

A

cellular immunity - attacks foreign cells, attracts other lympocytes

41
Q

B cells function (lymphocyte)

A

Humoral immunity - produces antibodies - destroy foreign antigens

42
Q

NK Cells

A

Detect and destroy abnormal tissue cells - cancer

43
Q

Platlets (Function, Features)

A 
Fragments of cells
Functions:
  Clotting
  Dissolve old clots
  Plug at site of injury
  Contract wound to aid healing
44
Q

Lifespan of platlets

45
Q

Hemostasis

A

Stoppage of bleeding

46
Q

Steps of hemostasis*

A
  1. Vascular spasm
    vasoconstriction
  2. Platelet plug formation
    3 .Blood clotting
47
Q

Vascular Spasm (definition, causes)

A

Rapid constriction of injured blood vessel

Caused by:
Pain receptors in wall
Injury to smooth muscle
Release serotonin

48
Q

Vascular Spasm - effects

A

Vascular contraction - smooth muscle wall constricts
Rapid!
Reduces blood loss

49
Q

Platelet Plug Formation process

A

w/in 15 seconds of injury

  1. Contact sticky collagen fibers
  2. Enlarge to become sticky-platelet aggregation
  3. form Platelet Plug!
50
Q

Chemicals Released by Platelets

A

ADP - stimulate platelet aggregations
Thromboxane A2 - “
Serotonin - stimulates vascular constriction

51
Q

Clotting timeline

A

beings 15-30 seconds

Requires 3-5 minutes

52
Q

Components required for clotting

A

13 procoagulants
Vitamin K
Ca++

53
Q

*Extrinsic Pathway to clotting(3 steps)

A
  1. Blood is released into tissues surrounding blood vessels
  2. Damaged cells release tissue factor (Thromboplastin) and Ca++
  3. Activation of clotting FACTOR X
54
Q

*Intrinsic Pathway to clotting (4ish steps)

A
  1. Blood vessel endothelium ruptures
  2. Collagen fibers are exposed
  3. Platelets cling and attract + release
  4. Bunch more steps to CLOTTING FACTOR X
55
Q

*Common Pathway to Clotting (4 steps)

A
  1. Factor X -> Prothrombianse
  2. Prothrombin —(prthmbnse)–> Thrombin
  3. Fibrinogen—-(thrombin)–> fibrin threads
  4. Clot shrinks
56
Q

Factors that prevent clotting

A
  1. Heparin + Antithrombin
    Produced by (Basophils) + (Liver)
    Inhibit thrombin formation
  2. Smooth lining of blood vessels
    Will not attract platelets
  3. Rapid flow of blood
57
Q

Physical Characteristics of blood

A 
pH 7.4
100.4 F
serum (no fibers)
plasma (has fibers)
formed elements
hemocrit
58
Q

Hemocrit %

A

Male 47 +/- 5%

Female 42 +/- 4%

59
Q

Major differences between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathways

A

Extrinsic - starts w/ trauma to vascular wall

Intrinsic - trauma of the blood (ie blood comes into contact with exposed collagen) from damaged endothelial walls

Typically work simultaneously. After activating FACTOR X, they’re basically the same.

60
Q

Thromboplastin

A

Released along with Ca++ by damaged tissues in Extrinsic Coagulation pathway

61
Q

Site of Hemopoiesis in FETUS

A

Spleen, liver, lymph nodes

62
Q

Sites of Hematopoiesis: Infant/Child

A

Mainly long bones - femur tibula

63
Q

Sites of Hematopoiesis: Adult

A

Flat bones + end of long bones
Pelvis, cranium, vertebrae, sternum

  1. Marrow production limited to flat bones and the ends of the long bones.
  2. Marrow is progressively replaced by fat.
64
Q

Site of Hematopoiesis: Embryo

A

Yolk Sac - blood islands

65
Q

Define Anemia

A

abnormal reduction in RBCs or Hemoglobin (hematocrit <35%)

66
Q

Erhthrocytosis or Polychthemia

A

Abnormal increase in RBC (hematocrit >65%)

67
Q

Leucocytosis

A

Increase in total WBCs > 11,000/ul

68
Q

Leuconpenia

A

Reduction in total WBCs <3,000/ul

69
Q

Neutrophilia

A

increase in neutrophils

70
Q

Neutropenia

A

reduction in neutrophils

71
Q

Eosinophilia

A

increase in eosinophils

72
Q

Basophilia

A

increase in basophils

73
Q

Lymphocytosis

A

increase in lympohocytes

74
Q

Lymphopenia

A

reduction in lymphocytes

75
Q

Monocytosis

A

increase in monocytes

76
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

increase in platelets

77
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

reduction in platlets

78
Q

Thrombocytes

79
Q

–philia

80
Q

–penia

81
Q

–tosis

A&P II (13 decks)

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