Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P II > I Blood & Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

I Blood & Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Blood

A
  1. Transportation - O2, CO2, Nutrients, Waste
  2. Regulation - temperature, pH, Osmotic Fluid Balance
  3. Protection - Immune functions, clotting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Transportation Function of Blood

A

O2, CO2, Nutrients, waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Regulation function of blood

A

temperature, pH, Osmotic fluid balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Protection Function of Blood

A

Immune functions, clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Blood pH

A

7.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Blood volume

A

Men 5-6 liters, women 4-5 liters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Plasma proteins

A

Albumens, Globulins, Fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Function of Albumen and %

A

55-60% viscosity, osmotic pressure, transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Function of Globulin and %

A

35-38% Disease fighting antibodies, transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Function of Fibrinogen

A

4-7% Blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Origins of plasma proteins

A

Liver - 90% albumens, fibrogen, transport globulins

Lymphocytes - immunoglobins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Three formed elements of blood

A

Thrombocytes
Leukocytes
Erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Functions of Erthyrocytes

A

Carry O2, CO2. Determine blood viscosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Structure of Erythrocytes

A

Biconcave, no nucleus (coughdrop)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Lifespan of Erythrocyte

A

120 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Can erythrocytes divide?

A

Nope.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Definition of Hemopoiesis

A

Formation of blood cells in red blood marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are Hemocytoblasts?

A

Stem cells that divide to form red and white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are “blasts”?

A

Prescursor cells - step between stem cell and formed element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Myeloid stem cells divide into…

A

Erythrocytes
Platlets
Monocytes
Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil

NOT: B, T Lymphocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lymphoid stem cells divide into…

A

B Lymphocyte

T Lymphocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Pluripotent Stem cells:

A

Found in tissues and orgrans
form ALL THE DIFFERENT CELLS of the SAME tissue
(ie Hemocytoblast forms all cells =of blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Totipotent stems cells

A

within 48 hours of fertilizaiton - capable of becoming a complete organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Multipotent stem cells

A

Germ cells - ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.
In embryonic stage.
Capable of forming different tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Formation of red blood cells.
3 million per second
Takes 12-15 days
Regulated by hormone erythropoietin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Regulates RBC production
Produced by KIDNEY
Negative feedback loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

RBC Formation Process**

A

1a. Hemocytoblasts (become) —->
1b. Erythrocyte Colony Forming Unit (CFU)
have nucleus, form hemoglobin
2. Erythroblast
hemoglobin increases
nucleus shrinks
cell shrinks
3. Reticuloycte
loses nucleus
enters circulation
4. Mature Erythrocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

RBC breakdown

A
  1. Macrophages engulf dying cell
  2. Hemoglobin broken down
    globin –> amino acids released/reused
    heme –> converted to bilirubin
  3. Bilirubin - goes to liver
    excreted in bile; removed with feces and urine
  4. Iron - binds to plasma protein , returns to bone marrow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Leukocytes

A

White Blood Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Functions of Leukocytes

A

Defend against infections
Remove toxins and wastes
Movements
Move out of blood and into tissue
Attracted to chemicals from pathogens or damaged cells
Some are phagocytotic - engulf cells, wastes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Types of Leukocytes

A

Granular - Neutrophil, Basophils, Eosinophils

Agranular - Lymphocytes, Monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Neutrophil (%, Function, Feature)

A

60-70% of WBC
Phagocytize bacteria
Whole bunch of lobes. Granular.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Neutrophil releases (2)

A

Inflammation producing prostoglandins

Phagocyte attracting leukotrines

34
Q

Eosinophils (%, Function, Feature)

A 
2-4% of WBC
Kills parasites
Increase during allergic reactions 
*Reduce inflammation
Two lobes, connected by a thread. Granular.
35
Q

Basophils (%, Function, Feature)

A 
~1% of WBC
Releases histamine CAUSES inflammation
Releases Heparin to prevent clotting
Increases during allergic reactions
Granular as shit.  Looks like a bunch of dots.
36
Q

Which Leukocyte releases heparin to reduce clotting?

A

basophil

37
Q

Which Leukocyte releases histamine to CAUSE inflammation

A

Basophil

38
Q

Monocytes (%, Function, Feature)

A

3-8% WBC
Leaves blood - BECOMES macrophages
Engulfs microbes, esp. viruses
Kidney shaped nucleus

39
Q

Lymphocytes (%, Function, Feature)

A 
25-33% of WBC
Moves between tissues and blood
Three types
T cells
B cells 
NK cells
Dot in a dot
40
Q

T cells function (lymphocyte)

A

cellular immunity - attacks foreign cells, attracts other lympocytes

41
Q

B cells function (lymphocyte)

A

Humoral immunity - produces antibodies - destroy foreign antigens

42
Q

NK Cells

A

Detect and destroy abnormal tissue cells - cancer

43
Q

Platlets (Function, Features)

A 
Fragments of cells
Functions:
  Clotting
  Dissolve old clots
  Plug at site of injury
  Contract wound to aid healing
44
Q

Lifespan of platlets

A

9-12 days

45
Q

Hemostasis

A

Stoppage of bleeding

46
Q

Steps of hemostasis*

A
  1. Vascular spasm
    vasoconstriction
  2. Platelet plug formation
    3 .Blood clotting
47
Q

Vascular Spasm (definition, causes)

A

Rapid constriction of injured blood vessel

Caused by:
Pain receptors in wall
Injury to smooth muscle
Release serotonin

48
Q

Vascular Spasm - effects

A

Vascular contraction - smooth muscle wall constricts
Rapid!
Reduces blood loss

49
Q

Platelet Plug Formation process

A

w/in 15 seconds of injury

  1. Contact sticky collagen fibers
  2. Enlarge to become sticky-platelet aggregation
  3. form Platelet Plug!
50
Q

Chemicals Released by Platelets

A

ADP - stimulate platelet aggregations
Thromboxane A2 - “
Serotonin - stimulates vascular constriction

51
Q

Clotting timeline

A

beings 15-30 seconds

Requires 3-5 minutes

52
Q

Components required for clotting

A

13 procoagulants
Vitamin K
Ca++

53
Q

*Extrinsic Pathway to clotting(3 steps)

A
  1. Blood is released into tissues surrounding blood vessels
  2. Damaged cells release tissue factor (Thromboplastin) and Ca++
  3. Activation of clotting FACTOR X
54
Q

*Intrinsic Pathway to clotting (4ish steps)

A
  1. Blood vessel endothelium ruptures
  2. Collagen fibers are exposed
  3. Platelets cling and attract + release
  4. Bunch more steps to CLOTTING FACTOR X
55
Q

*Common Pathway to Clotting (4 steps)

A
  1. Factor X -> Prothrombianse
  2. Prothrombin —(prthmbnse)–> Thrombin
  3. Fibrinogen—-(thrombin)–> fibrin threads
  4. Clot shrinks
56
Q

Factors that prevent clotting

A
  1. Heparin + Antithrombin
    Produced by (Basophils) + (Liver)
    Inhibit thrombin formation
  2. Smooth lining of blood vessels
    Will not attract platelets
  3. Rapid flow of blood
57
Q

Physical Characteristics of blood

A 
pH 7.4
100.4 F
serum (no fibers)
plasma (has fibers)
formed elements
hemocrit
58
Q

Hemocrit %

A

Male 47 +/- 5%

Female 42 +/- 4%

59
Q

Major differences between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathways

A

Extrinsic - starts w/ trauma to vascular wall

Intrinsic - trauma of the blood (ie blood comes into contact with exposed collagen) from damaged endothelial walls

Typically work simultaneously. After activating FACTOR X, they’re basically the same.

60
Q

Thromboplastin

A

Released along with Ca++ by damaged tissues in Extrinsic Coagulation pathway

61
Q

Site of Hemopoiesis in FETUS

A

Spleen, liver, lymph nodes

62
Q

Sites of Hematopoiesis: Infant/Child

A

Mainly long bones - femur tibula

63
Q

Sites of Hematopoiesis: Adult

A

Flat bones + end of long bones
Pelvis, cranium, vertebrae, sternum

  1. Marrow production limited to flat bones and the ends of the long bones.
  2. Marrow is progressively replaced by fat.
64
Q

Site of Hematopoiesis: Embryo

A

Yolk Sac - blood islands

65
Q

Define Anemia

A

abnormal reduction in RBCs or Hemoglobin (hematocrit <35%)

66
Q

Erhthrocytosis or Polychthemia

A

Abnormal increase in RBC (hematocrit >65%)

67
Q

Leucocytosis

A

Increase in total WBCs > 11,000/ul

68
Q

Leuconpenia

A

Reduction in total WBCs <3,000/ul

69
Q

Neutrophilia

A

increase in neutrophils

70
Q

Neutropenia

A

reduction in neutrophils

71
Q

Eosinophilia

A

increase in eosinophils

72
Q

Basophilia

A

increase in basophils

73
Q

Lymphocytosis

A

increase in lympohocytes

74
Q

Lymphopenia

A

reduction in lymphocytes

75
Q

Monocytosis

A

increase in monocytes

76
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

increase in platelets

77
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

reduction in platlets

78
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets

79
Q

–philia

A

increase

80
Q

–penia

A

reduction

81
Q

–tosis

A

increase?

A&P II (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions