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A&P II > Renal System > Flashcards

Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Kidney

A

Remove waste
Regulate blood pH
Regulate blood pressure
Assists in formation of RBC

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2
Q

Steps in Urine Formation (3)

A
  1. Glomerular FILTRATION
  2. Tubular REABSORPTION
  3. Tubular SECRETION
    ….Water conservation (returns it to blood, minus the waste)
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3
Q

How much filtered per day?

A

48 Gallons!

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4
Q

What causes filtration in Glomerulus?

A

High glomerular blood pressure forces filtrate through capillary wall.

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5
Q

What stays in blood during filtration?

A

RBC & proteins

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6
Q

What are the filters in the renal corpuscle?

A

Podocytes

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7
Q

Large network of capillaries with large surface area?

A

Glomerulus

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8
Q

Incoming and outgoing arterioles -

A

Afferent arteriole
INCOMING, Large

Efferent arteriole
OUTGOING, small

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9
Q

Net filtration pressure

A

10mm Hg

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10
Q

Glomerular blood pressure moving into glomerulus (hint: it’s higher here)

A

60 mmHg

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11
Q

Blood osmotic pressure & glomerulus

A
  • 32 mmHg
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12
Q

Capsular Hydrostatic pressure at glomerulus

A

-18mm Hg

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13
Q

Equation showing net pressure:

A

blood pressure moving fluid in = 60mmHg
Blood osmotic - 32mmHg
Capsular hydrostatic -18mmHg

Net =
60 - 32 - 18 = 10mmHg

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14
Q

Factors that impact filtration pressure

A

Kidney Disease
Blood Pressure Drops
Stress
Kidney Stones

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15
Q

Impact of kidney disease on filtration pressure

A

glomerulus highly permeable. Plasma proteins can get out

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16
Q

Impact of blood pressure drops on filtration pressure

A

hemorrhaging
Drop in filtration pressure
very low - anuria

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17
Q

Impact of stress on filtration pressure

A

Increased sympathetic stimulation
Increased constriction of afferent arteriole
Drop in filtrate + urine volume

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18
Q

Impact of kidney stones on filtration pressure

A

Ureter blocked ->
pressure backs in in nephron, capsule
Filtration drops. Can damage

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19
Q

Causes of kidney stones

A

Dehydration
pH imbalances
Frequent UTI
Enlarged prostate

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20
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate too high….

A

Filtrate flows too rapidly for reabsorption
Therefore:
Dehydration and electrolyte depletion

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21
Q

GFR too low

A

Everything is reabsorbed, including waste

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22
Q

How is GFR controlled?

A

By adjusting glomerular blood pressure moment to moment

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23
Q

Mechanisms for GFR control

A

Intrinsic:
Renal autoregulation

Extrinsic:
Sympathetic control
Juxtaglomerular apparatus

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24
Q

How does intrinsic renal autoregulation work

A

Nephrons self-adjust to maintain stable GFR

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25
GFR
Glomerular Filtration Rate
26
``` Myogenic mechanism (within intrinsic renal autoregulation) What happens when blood pressure rises? ```
the afferent arteriole and it constricts to prevent increased blood flow
27
Myogenic mechanism for intrinsic renal autoregulation- what happens when blood pressure falls?
Afferent arteriole relaxes to allow more blood in
28
Tubuloglomerular feedback in Macula dense cells
Monitor changes in flow of filtrate through nephron (via NaCl concentration)
29
Tubuloglomerular feedback when GFR is high/low
GFR is high - MACULA DENSE releases chemicals to cause vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole to slow GFR GFR is low - vasoconstriors are inhibited
30
Limits of autoregulation
has narrow upper and lower bands - arterial pressure of 90-180 mmHg
31
What happens below 70 mmHg?
glomerular filtration and urine output cease
32
Extrinsic - Sympathetic Nervous System Acivation
Strenuous exercise or circulatory shock
33
Extrinsic- Sympathetic activation impact
Overrides autoregulatory mechanisms Afferent arterioles constrict Reduces GFR and urine output Redirects blood to heart, brain, skeletal muscles
34
Extrinsic - Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
Afferent arteriole - sensitive to changes in blood pressure - secretes renin Macula densa - monitors GFR through NaCl levels - stimulates RELEASE OF RENIN
35
Juxtaglomerular apparatus - response to LOW BLOOD PRESSURE AND LOW GFR
Release Renin - triggers increase in Blood pressure and GFR
36
Renin-Angiotensin Pathway
Renin -> Angiotensinogen (plasma protein) - + Renin -> Angiotensin I Angiotensin I + An... Converting enzyme (ACE) -> Angiotensin II
37
ACE
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (in lungs and kidneys)
38
Active hormone in pathways
Angiotensin II
39
Impacts of Angiotensin II
1. Vasoconstriction 2. Aldosterone secretion 3. Antidiuretic Hormone secretion 4. Increased thirst .... Overall = INCREASED BLOOD PRESSURE
40
How many gallons filtered to excreted?
48 gallons filtered : 1/2 gallon excreted (99% filtrate reabsorbed)
41
Methods for reabsorption
Active transport, facilitated diffusion, diffusion, osmosis, solvent drag
42
What substances are reabsorbed?
``` Water Salts Urea Glucose Amino Acids Vitamins ```
43
Na+ reabsorption
ACTIVELY TRANSPORTED from proximal convoluted tubule, distal tuble, ascending limb
44
Water reabsorption
80% Osmosis, mostly in proximal tubule
45
Cl- reabsorption
Follows along electrical gradient
46
Urea reabsorption
Concentration rises as water leaves - solvent drag | 50% returned by blood
47
Amino Acid reabsorption
Active transport from proximal tubules
48
Vitamins reabsorption
Active transport
49
Glucose reabsorption
Normally - active transport (up to 220 mg/dL) EXCESS excreted in urine
50
Glucose reabsorption limit?
Yes. 220 mg/dL
51
H20 reabsorption
Water will move towards SALT - Therefore tissues around nephron must be MORE SALTY
52
Salt Gradient created by
Vasa recta, loop of henle
53
Vasa Recta description, function (re: salt gradient)
Region of peritubular capillaries. | Recycles salt
54
Loop of Henle function (re: salt gradient)
Pumps salt out of nephron
55
Salt gradient in Cortex of kidne
300 mOsm
56
Salt gradient in Inner medulla of kidney
1200 mOsm
57
Salt concentration in limbs of loop of henle
Descending (Na+Cl = low) absorbs FROM tissues Ascending (Na+Cl = high) returns Solutes TO TISSUES
58
Hypertonic Urine
Concentrated Urine
59
Permeability to H20 in loop of Henle
Descending - freely permeable to H20 Ascending - NOT permeable (therefore Na+Cl- actively transported out) Collecting tubule - freely permeable
60
Where is Na+Cl- most concentrated in kidney?
Inner Medulla 1200
61
Function of loop of henle
Water drawn out of collecting tubule and tissue is salty Therefore allows water to be absorbed even though urine volume is low. Conserves water
62
What regulates the amount of water reabsorbed from the collecting tubule?
ADH - antidiuretic hormone
63
What secretes ADH (antidiuretic hormone)?
Posterior pituitary
64
Impact of ADH - when present....
``` Distal tubule AND collecting tubule become permeable to water MORE WATER REABSORBED Causing: hypertonic (concentrated) urine AND increase blood pressure ```
65
Impact when ADH is absent
Distal tubule & collecting become impermeable to water LESS ABSORPTION Urine is hypotonic (dilute) Blood pressure decreases
66
What stimulates ADH?
Dehydration, reduced blood volume, pain
67
What inhibits ADH?
Alcohol, caffeine, ingestion of water
68
What does Aldosterone regulate?
Na+ excretion
69
Where is Aldosterone produced?
Adrenal cortex
70
What does Aldosterone stimulate?
Na+ reabsorption
71
Goal of aldosterone and reabsorption
Regulates blood pressure
72
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) - source
comes from heart in response to high blood pressure
73
ANP - 4 actions
Dilates afferent, constricts efferent (GFR UP) Inhibits Renin and aldosterone Inhibits secretion of ADH Inhibits NaCl reabsoprtion
74
Results of ANP
Excretion of more salt and water in urine | REDUCED BLOOD PRESSURE AND VOLUME

A&P II (13 decks)

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