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Aviation > VFR Navigation > Flashcards

VFR Navigation Flashcards

1
Q

What is pilotage?

A

Navigation by reference to visible landmarks or checkpoints.

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2
Q

What is dead reckoning?

A

Navigation by means of computations based on time, distance, airspeed, and direction.

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3
Q

What are the 3 aeronautical charts used by VFR pilots?

A

Sectional, VFR Terminal Area, and World Aeronautical.

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4
Q

What is the scale of sectional charts?

A

1:500,000. 1 inch = 8 SM.

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5
Q

How often are sectional charts revised?

A

Semiannually, except for some areas outside the conterminous US, where they are revised annually.

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6
Q

What is the scale of VFR terminal area charts?

A

1:250,000. 1 inch = 4 SM.

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7
Q

How often are VFR terminal area charts revised?

A

Semiannually, except for several Alaskan and Caribbean charts.

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8
Q

What is the scale of world aeronautical charts?

A

1:1,000,000. 1 inch = 16 SM.

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9
Q

How often are world aeronautical charts revised?

A

Annually, except several Alaskan charts and the Mexican/Caribbean charts which are revised every 2 years.

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10
Q

Between what latitudes are the conterminous US states located?

A

25° and 49° N latitude.

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11
Q

Between what longitudes are the conterminous US states located?

A

67° and 125° W longitude.

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12
Q

How many degrees does the earth rotate through in 1 hour?

A

15°.

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13
Q

Mountain Standard Time is ZULU minus what?

A

7 hours.

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14
Q

Mountain Daylight Time is ZULU minus what?

A

6 hours.

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15
Q

When is Daylight Savings Time in effect?

A

Between the second Sunday in March and the first Sunday in November.

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16
Q

Why is course measurement taken at a midpoint near the meridian of a course, rather than at the departure or arrival points?

A

Because meridians converge toward the poles.

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17
Q

What is true course?

A

The course direction measured by reference to a meridian or true north. The direction of intended flight as measured in degrees clockwise from true north to the port side of the plane.

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18
Q

What is true heading?

A

True course ± wind correction angle.

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19
Q

What is magnetic variation, or declination?

A

The angle between true north and magnetic north.

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20
Q

How is magnetic variation expressed?

A

As east variation or west variation, depending upon whether magnetic north is to the east or west of true north.

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21
Q

How far is the north magnetic pole from the true north pole?

A

About 1,300 miles.

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22
Q

Is the Earth uniformly magnetized?

A

No.

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23
Q

What is an isogonic line?

A

A line which connects points of equal magnetic variation.

24
Q

What is an agonic line?

A

A line connecting points at which there is no variation between true north and magnetic north.

25
Q

On the west coast of the US, the compass needle points ____ of true north.

A

East.

26
Q

On the east coast of the US, the compass needle points ____ of true north.

A

West.

27
Q

What three elements impact true course?

A

Magnetic variation, compass deviation, and wind correction.

28
Q

Where does the agonic line run in the US?

A

From the Great Lakes to Florida.

29
Q

What is a magnetic course?

A

A course that compensates for magnetic variation.

30
Q

What is a compass course?

A

A course that compensates for compass deviation.

31
Q

What is magnetic deviation?

A

A magnetic compass error caused by local magnetic fields in the aircraft.

32
Q

If the magnetic variation is west, do you add or subtract?

A

Add. East is least (subtract), west is best (add).

33
Q

If a variation is shown as “9° E”, for a true course of 360°, what is the magnetic heading?

A

Magnetic heading is 351°.

34
Q

How can deviation vary for different headings in the same aircraft?

A

For example, if magnetism in the engine attracts the north end of the compass, there would be no effect when the plane is on a heading of magnetic north.

35
Q

What is the procedure for checking an aircraft’s deviation called?

A

Swinging the compass.

36
Q

Describe, in four steps, how an aircraft’s deviation is checked.

A
  • The aircraft is placed on a magnetic compass rose, the engine started, electrical devices normally used are turned on.
  • The aircraft is aligned with magnetic north indicated on the compass rose, and the reading shown on the compass is recorded on a deviation card. The aircraft is then aligned at 30° intervals, and each reading is recorded.
  • If the aircraft is to be flown at night, the lights are turned on and any significant changes are noted.
  • A deviation card is mounted near the compass, showing the addition or subtraction required to correct for deviation at various headings, usually at intervals of 30°.
37
Q

What is oscillation error?

A

The combination of all the other compass errors, which results in the compass card swinging back and forth around the heading being flown.

38
Q

What is magnetic dip?

A

A vertical attraction between a compass needle and the magnetic poles. The closer the aircraft is to a pole, the more severe the effect.

39
Q

What is track?

A

The actual path an aircraft takes over the ground. It is a combination of the motion of the aircraft and the motion of the air.

40
Q

What is drift angle?

A

The angle between the heading and the track.

41
Q

What method is used to determine compass heading?

A

CH = TC ± WCA ± V ± D

Measure true course (TC), then apply wind correction, to result in true heading (TH). Then, TH ± variation (V) = magnetic heading (MH) ± deviation (D) = compass heading (CH).

42
Q

What is WCA?

A

Wind correction angle – the angle required to fly into the wind to maintain track.

43
Q

How is wind correction angle expressed?

A

In degrees right or left of the true course.

44
Q

How do you determine time in flight?

A

Distance divided by ground speed (D ÷ GS).

45
Q

How do you determine distance flown in a given time?

A

Ground speed multiplied by time (GS x T).

46
Q

How do you determine ground speed?

A

Distance divided by time (D ÷ T).

47
Q

How many feet are in one nautical mile?

A

6,076.

48
Q

How do you convert knots to miles per hour?

A

Multiply speed in knots by 1.15.

49
Q

For a flight of 400 NM, at a GS of 100 knots, in an aircraft that burns 5 gallons an hour, how much fuel is required?

A

20.

50
Q

What is a plotter?

A

A protractor combined with a ruler, used to determine true course and measure distance.

51
Q

What is a wind triangle?

A

A graphic explanation of the effect of wind upon flight.

52
Q

What three factors can be determined by the wind triangle?

A

Groundspeed, heading, and time for flight.

53
Q

What are the 11 steps in obtaining flight navigation information?

A 
TC
WCA
TH
Variation
MH
Deviation
Compass heading
Total distance
GS
ETE
Fuel burn rate
54
Q

If wind is from the right, is WCA added or subtracted to TC?

A

Added.

55
Q

If the isogonic line is to the east of TH, is the variation added or subtracted?

A

Subtracted.

56
Q

When in level cruising flight more than 3,000 feet AGL, on a magnetic course of zero degrees through 179 degrees, at what altitude should you fly?

A

Any odd thousand MSL altitude plus 500 feet (3,500, 5,500, 7,500, etc.).

Aviation (19 decks)

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