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Vet Sci > Vet Sci final > Flashcards

Vet Sci final Flashcards

1
Q

Define dosage and dose. List dosage intervals

A

Dosage- Amount of drug/unit of body weight (mg/kg), Dose- Amount of drug given at one time (cc/ml). SID, BID, TID, QID, EOD, PRN, Q2H

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2
Q

List some factors that may require an adjustment of dosage or meds? What are some preexisting conditions that may effect the dosage or type of meds used?

A

Adjustment- breed, species, pregnancy (gender), age, preexisting conditions
Preexisting conditions- renal/liver failure, seizures, shock, drug interactions

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3
Q

What are some potential toxicities of administered drugs?

A

Allergic reaction, inappropriate species, inappropriate amount or frequancy, inappropriate route of administration

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4
Q

What are the four classic steps in drug movement in the body? What makes up the first phase of biphasic drug distribution? What makes up the second phase?

A

Absorption, distribution, biotransformation, elimination.
First phase- Absorption, distribution
Second phase- Biotransformation, ditribution

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5
Q

List the routes for administration of medications from fastest to slowest rate of absorbtion

A

Fastest- IV, IO IC
Intermediate- Im, Sub-Q, IP, ET
Slowest- PO

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6
Q

What is a lipophilic drug? What is a hydrophilic drug? What routes for admin of meds would each type be likely to be used?

A

Lipophilic- Drugs that disolve in oil. PO
Hydrophili- Drugs that disolve in water. IV, SQ, IM

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7
Q

What is the primary site for bitransformation of drugs in the body? What are the secondary sites? What is the primary site for excretion of drugs in the body? What are the secondary sites?

A

Primary site- Liver
Secondary site- Lungs, skin, intestinal tract
Primary site- Kidneys
Secondary site- liver, lungs, sweat, mammary glands

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8
Q

What are the 2 major categories of routes for administration of medications? List the routes for administration in each category

A

Enteral (involves GI tract), Parenteral (bypasses GI, topical or injectable)

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9
Q

What are the advantages for using enteral routes of administration? What are the disadvantages?

A

non-envassive, generally safe, painless, economical, no training required, decreased risk of infection. Increased risk of aspiration or vomiting, diarrhea, possible injury to pt or administer, accuracy of dose

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10
Q

List the different type of oral meds. What are the indications for the oral route? What are contraindications for the oral route?

A

pils, liquids, powders granules, paste.
Indications- Treating specific GI disorder, when immediate absorption is unnecessary, when dispensing home meds
Conraindications- V/D, when rapid absorption is needed, when there is possible interference w/ other drugs

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11
Q

List the indications for use of an orogastric tube. What are some complications that may occure when using an orogastric tube? Describe placment of an orogastric tube in an adult. List some things one may do to check for proper placment. Describe differences in placement in puppy or kitten

A

Nutritional support in anorexic pt, admin of a medication, admin of raiographic contrast material, decompressionof stomach, stomach lavage, dislodging a foreign body. Misplacment of the tube, esophageal or gastric injuries. Measure and mark the tube, use speculum/roll of tape, lube tube, administer meds. Swallowing good, seeing the tube go down the esophagus, feeling 2 tubes, listen & smell, coughing good, radiograph best indication. Dog tip of nose to last rib, cat tip of nose to 10th or 11th rib. Use a red rubber catheter with puppies and kittens

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12
Q

What are some indications of a nasogastric tube? What are some coplications?

A

Longer term acces to stomach than orogastric, nutritional support , decompression of the stomach, administering meds. misplacment of the tube (aspiration pneumonia), epistaxis, esophegeal or gastric injuries, smaller width & tube be mindfull.

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13
Q

What are some indications for use of a surgically placed feeding tube? List some complications that may occur when placing a feeding tube

A

Prolonged nutrintional support, GI injury. Surgery, infection, dislodgment of tube, extensive aftercare

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14
Q

What are 3 indications for use of an enema? What complication may occur when administering an enema?

A

Relief of constipation, evacuation of the distal colon (diagnostic studies, surgery), admin of meds. Rectal trauma

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15
Q

Describe the technique of applying topical medications to the skin. What precautions must be taken? List some drugs that are absorbed systemically through the skin

A

Wear gloves or use applicator or both, cover site if needed or use E-collar to prevent licking. Nitroglycerin, prednisolone, flea control, DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), analgesics (fentanyl patches)

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16
Q

What are some complications that may occur when giving injections?

A

Hemorrhage or hematoma at the site, abscess, granuloma (area of inflammed tissue), local irritation, tissue necrosis due to extra vascular deposit of an IV drug

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17
Q

What are the three common sites for sub-Q injections? List some meds that cannot be administered sub-Q? why? What route of admin is used and where on the body are cats vaccinated? why?

A

Scruff, lateral thorax, flank. Whole blood, hypertonic solutions ( 50% dextrose, 7.2% saline), oil based meds (can form granulomas, don’t dissolve). SQ and always given in distal limb because cats are prone to getting sarcomas which may have to be removed

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18
Q

List the 4 injection sitesused on small animals

A

Lumbar, quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteals

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19
Q

List the IO injection sites. List some indications for IO injections. List some contraindications when giving IO injections. List some drugs and fluids that may be given by IO injections

A

Tibial crest, trocantric fossa, wing of the illium, greater tubercle of humerus. Rapid admin of fluids or meds, when cetral or peripheral vein is unavailable (shock), when vein is to small to cath (neo, birds). Endotoxic pt (ostyomylitis), placement in certain pneumatic bones of birds, placement in fractured or previously fractured bone, placement over abcess. If it can be given IV it can be given IO.

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20
Q

List some theraputic indications for IP injections. List a diagnostic indacation. What are some complications that may occur when administering IP injections?

A

Theraputic-Fluid therapy (neo or very small animals), peritoneal lavage, peritoneal dialysis (renal disease), euthanasia (less than 15 LBs or exotics)
Diagnostic- Evaluation of peritoneal fluid, collections for culture/sensitivity
Infection, pain, local irritation, chemical peritonitis, fibrous tissue and adhesions in abdominal cavity, perferation of abdominal organ, hemorrhage, respiratory distress, to large of an injection

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21
Q

What is an indication for subconjunctival injection? What are 3 complications when administering? Described the technique used?

A

Medicating the globe of the eye usually in bovines. Irritations of the surrounding tissues, infection, perferation into the interior of the eye. Needle is placed uner the bulbar conjunctiva, 25-27 guage needle visualize needle inserting into conjunctiva and will see a bleb of medication

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22
Q

What are some indications for intranasal? List some vaccinations givin intranasal? what are some drugs given IN?

A

vaccinations (bordetella, strangles) and meds (O2, epi).

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23
Q

What are some indications for IC? What are some complications that may occur when administering IC injections? Describe the technique.

A

Admin of meds in an emergency, euthanasia, collection of blood. Trauma to the heart and lungs, irritation to the myocardium. Right lateral recumbancy, between 5th and 6th inercostal space, palpate heart beat first

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24
Q

What are some indications for administering an ID injection? What are some complications? Describe technique

A

Tb test, contact allergy test, infusing local anesthetic. irritation to tissue, infection but rare. 25-27 guage needle, inject bellow the epidermis into the dermis, look for a bleb of medication

25
Q

What are some indications for administering an intraarticular injection? What are some complications? Describe the technique

A

injections of steroids and joint medications. Infection, lack of desired effect, pain. Needle is placed into the synovial joint, always done with sterile technique

26
Q

What are some indications for administering epideral injections? What are some possible complications? Describe the technique. List the site used in small and large

A

Anesthesia for surgical procedure in the caudle 1/3 of the body, prolonging anesthesia to prevent straining. Infection and lack of desired effect. Small animal- Between last lumbar vertabrae & 1st sacral vertabrae. Large animal- Between sacrum & last caudal vertabrae or between 1st & 2nd caudle vertabrae

27
Q

Where are the sites of administration for intrathecal injections? What are the indications? What are some complications?

A

Cisterna magna in the atlantaoccipital articulation (L6-L7 & L7-S1). Obtain CSF, injecting radiographic contrast material when doing a myelogram, determining CSF pressure. Infection, herniation of the brain stem after removal of CSF, seizures if contrast reaches brain

28
Q

What are some indications for thoracocentesis? What are some complications?

A

Aspiration of air or fluid, placment of drain. Loss of negative pressure in the thorax, trauma to the heart and lungs

29
Q

Name the commonly used muscles for IM injections

A

Small- lumbar, hamstring, gluteals, quads
Large- Pectorals, triceps, cervical

30
Q

What is a nutrient? What are the three functions? What is an ingredient? List some ingredients. List some nutrients.

A

A substance obtained from the environment that is essential for growth and maintenance of life. To provide a source of energy, support life, material for growth.
A componant part of a mixture. chicken, egg, corn beef, flax seeds, olive oil. protein, calcium, carb, fats, minerals, vitamins, water

31
Q

What is an essential nutrient? What is a non-essential nutrient? What is a conditionally essential nutrient? List the 6 nutrients

A

A nutrient that the body can’t synthesize.
The body can sythesize from other nutrients.
Conditionally essential- is required.
Vitamins, minerals, proteins, fats, carbs, water

32
Q

What are the energy producing nutrients?

A

Carbs, fats, proteins

33
Q

What is the chemical formula of water? What is the daily requirment of water intake? What are some factors that cause it to vary?

A

H2O. 20-30mls/lb of body weight daily. Activity, type of food, life stage

34
Q

What does the term “as fed” mean? What does the term”dry matter” mean”?

A

As fed- Nutrients are calculated on the percentage of the product includiong water
dry matter- The nutrients are calculated as a percentage of the product without water

35
Q

What are carbs, their chamical makeup, and classifications? what are the soluble carbs? what are insoluble carbs?

A

A type of sugar, CHO (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen), monossaccharides (1 sugar), disaccharides (2 sugars), polysaccharides (many sugars).
Soluable- Simple: glucose, fructose, lactose. Starches: cornstarch, potato, rice.
Insoluable- Pectine, cellulose, mucilage

36
Q

What are the functions of carbs? Carbs are conditionally essential for what species? Carbs are non-essential for what species?

A

Giving you energy (3.5 kcal/gm), source of heat, stored as glycogen or converted to fat, source of dietary fiber (insoluable CHO). Dogs. Cats.

37
Q

What is the chemical structure of protiens? List the 7 function

A

CHON+/-SP (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sometimes sulfur, phosphorus). Build tissues, growth, important for production of hormones, enzymes, produces blood cells, production of antibodies, energy source

38
Q

What are the essential amino acids?

A

Arginine- cell division, wound healing
Valine- Protein synthesis
Lysine- Immune function
Phenylalanine- protein synthesis
Leucine- Increase muscle protein
Taurine- In cats, a deficiency can lead to blindness/cardiomyopathy

39
Q

What is the minimum protein requirement in pet food per AAFCO for adults and growth for cats and dogs?

A

Dogs- 18% adult and 22% growth
Cats- 26% adult and 305 growth

40
Q

What are some ingredient sourses of protein and their precentages?

A

Beef, lamb, chicken, pork- 29%
Corn gluten meal- 60%
Liver- 20%
Whole corn- 8%

41
Q

What are fats and their functions? What are the functions of the essential fatty acids?

A

Fatty acids, Energy source (8.5 kcal/gm), absoption, storage, and transport of fat soluable vitamins, supplies essential fatty acids (EFA’s), contributes to food palatability.
Maintain healthy cell membranes, aids in immune function, helps to decrease inflammation, helps prevent allergies, increases joint lubrication, metabolism

42
Q

What is the minimum fat requirement in pet food per AAFCO for adults and growth for cats and dogs?

A

Dogs- 5% adult and 8% growth
Cats- 9% adult and 9% growth

43
Q

What are the 2 classifications of vitamins? List the fat soluable and their functions. List the water soluable and their functions.

A

Fat soluable, water soluable.
Fat- A- Vision, skin, growth, reproduction, immunity, D- Bone formation/resorption (Ca & Ph), E- Antioxidant, K- Blood clotting factor.
Water- B- Forms RBC’s, maintains nervous system, metabolism, healthy skin & nails, C- Antioxidant

44
Q

What is carnatine and its function? is it essential?

A

Helps turn body fat into energy. Drives fatty acids into mitochondria of skelital muscle and cardiac musle. Yes.

45
Q

What are minerals? describe the difference between macro and micro and list some examples. Discuss calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potasium, and sodium.

A

Elements on earth and in food that our body needs to develop and function normally. Macro are required in the diet in large amounts and micro are required in only trace amounts.
Calcium- Strucual component of bones and teeth.
Phosphorus- Structual component of cell membrane
Magnesium- Constituent of bone, catalyst for metabolic reactions
potasium- maintains acid/base balance, osmotic equilibrium between cells, transmits nerve impulses, muscle contraction
Sodium- Maintains acid/base balance, conducts nerve impulses, regulates blood volume, blood pressure, osmotic equilibrium

46
Q

Define oxidation. Define free radical and give examples. What are some sources of free radicals? What is an antioxidant? What are some nutrients that are antioxidants?

A

The process of transfering electrons from one atom or molecule to another.
An unstable oxygen-based compound created when oxygen attacks body structres (cell membranes, DNA, enzymes). Mitochondris (most common source), inflammation, ischemia, pollution, chemicals, radiation.
Substance that can scavange free radicals.
Vitamins E &C, carotenoids & flavonoids, essential fatty acids, lipoic acid (spinach & green vegetables), carnitine

47
Q

Why do animals eat? What is a calorie? What is a kilocalorie?

A

Satisfy energy needs, palatability, reward, competition.
The amount of heat to raise 1 gm of water 1 degree c, 1000 calories= 1 kilocalorie

48
Q

What is gross energy (GE)? What is digestible energy (DE)? What is metabolizable energy (ME)? What is net energy?

A
49
Q

What is resting energy requirement (RER)?

A
50
Q

What is daily energy requrement (DER)?

A
51
Q

What are some factors that may affect ones energy needs?

A
52
Q

List nutruient excesses and give examples of how they can adversly affect a living organism?

A
53
Q

What is a key nutritional factor?

A
54
Q

What is wellness pet food?

A
55
Q

What is therapeutic pet food?

A
56
Q

What is special needs pet diet?

A
57
Q

What are 3 feeding methods?

A
58
Q

What is body condition scoring? what score would you give a pt with extreme emaciation? What about ideal body weight? extreme obesity?

A

A scale to guage general body condition of an animal. 1-2, 3, 4-5.

Vet Sci (9 decks)

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