Cardio & Resp Flashcards
Parietal Pleura
Thicker part fo the pleura that lines the thoracic cavity and medistinum
Visceral pleura
Delicate inner layer that lines the outer surface of the lungs
Diaphragm
Moves up and down to get air into the lungs. Primary muscle of resperation, voluntary striated skeletal muscle
Phenic nerve
Motor nerves to the diaphragm causing it to contract
Intra pleural space
Vacuum/negative pressure. The lungs can’t inflate without negative pressure
Bronchial tree
Gets air into and out of the lungs
Aveolar sacs
Tiny sacs at the end of the bronchials. responsible for gas exchange & regulates pH of blood
Air
O2 + glucose–> ATP + energy + Co2 + H2O. O2- 21%, Co2- 400ppm, Nitrogen- 79%, Helium-5.2ppm
Tidal volume
How many cc of air are you breathing per insperation
Respiratory alcholosis
Response to hyperventalation. Co2 goes down, O2 goes up, H2Co3 goes down pH goes up
Respiratory acidosis
Co2 up H2Co3 up pH down potassium up HR down–> cardiac arrest
5 etiologies that cause repiratory acidosis
1) Pneumothorax- Air intra pleural space
2) Hemothorax- Blood intra pleural space
3) Pyothorax- pus
4) Chylothorax- Chyle
5) Hydrothorax- Fluid, mesothelioma
Pneumonia
Foreign liquid material in the aveolar sacs like pus
Pulmonary Contusions
Bruise on the lungs
Emphysema
Smoke breaks down the yellow elastic tissue in the body, the alveolar sacs loose their elasticity and makes it hard to get Co2 out of lungs.
Pulmonary edema
Water moving out of the bloodstream and into the aveolar sacs. Cats are predisposed to getting pulmonary edema, always triple check IV drip rates
Heaves
Common term used for horses due to dust build up in barns. Another word for emphysema
Pericardial sac
Surrounds the heart and reduces friction on the lungs
Medial septum
Divides the left and right sides of the heart
Vena Cava
Largest vein in the body. Superior carries blood from head, neck, arms, and chest. Inferior carries blood from the legs feet and organs in the abdomen and pelvis
Heart valves
The right AV (atrioventricular)/tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, the left AV (atrioventricular)/bicuspid/mitral valve, aortic valve
Iliac vein
Carrys blood from the legs to the vena cava high in Co2
Renal vein
Carrys blood from the kidneys to the vena cava high in Co2
Hepatic vein
Carrys blood from the liver to the vena cava high in Co2
Pulmonary veins
The one exception in the body that has O2 in the blood being carried to the heart
Systemic circulation
Blood that is oxygenated that will go to the body
Layers of the Heart
Epicardium- reduces friction, thin, outside myocardium
Myocardium- Pumps blood, smooth red muscle
Endocardium/endothelium- prevents blood clots, inside heart
Trace RBC
Vena cava–> Right atrium–> Right AV–> Right Ventricle–> Pulmonary valve–> pulmonary artery–> lungs (gas exchange)–> Pulmonary veins–> left atrium–> left AV–> Left ventricle–> Aortic valve–> Aorta–> body
Diastole
Filling the chambers of the heart with blood
Systole
The heart contracts and sends the blood out to the body
Heart sounds
Lub- Closing of the right and left AV valves, Dub- closing of the pulmonary and aortic valves
Cardiac output
How much blood pumped from the left ventricle out to body in 1 min
Cholinergic nerves
Release acetylcholine, parasympathetic
Adrenergic nerves
Release Epinephrine, sympathetic
Endocrine Hormones
Epinephrine, cortisol, thyroxine, glucagon. Fight or flight sympathetic NS all cause HR, BP, and cardiac output to elevate
Pacemaker system
Sinoatrial (SA) node, Atrial ventricular node (AV), Bundle of HIS, Purkinje system
Patient ductus arteriosus (PDA)
The ductus arteriousus connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta in a fetal heart. Primary symptom is pulmonary edema
Pulmonary Stenosis
Sidtal to the pomonary valve, right side fo the heart will enlarge. Primary symptoms are enlarged heart and asides.
Ventricular septal defect
Opening in the medial septum in the heart, entire heart will enlarge.
AV insufficiency
Valves start to shrink, 10+ years old, mitral valves usually. Diuretic, low sodium diet, drugs to lower BP, Digoxin (digitalis plant)
Vegetative endocarditis
Bacteria attaches to the mitral valves and they wall off as a deffence.
Cardiomyopathy
Scar tissue replaces muscle, auto-immune disease, poor prognosis. Diuretic, low sodium, low BP drugs, digoxin
Cardiac tamponade
Something wrong with the paricardial sac, like blood leaking into it usually due to hemangiosarcoma
Atherosclerosis
Myocardial infarction (heart attach) Un likely in animals
Cardiac compensation
Tachycardia, hypertrophy myocardium, dilatation of chamber
Cardiac emergency
Heart stops pumping blood. Cardiac arrest- EKG will show flat line, massage heart give drugs
Cardiac Fibrilation- EKG will show wild waves, heart muscles are contracting at different times, needs defibrillator
Capillary
Bridge between arteriole and venule
Artery Vs. Vein
1) Location– Artery (Deep) Vein (superficial)
2) Valves– Artery (no due to BP) Vein (yes)
3) BP– Artery (120/80mm/Hg) Vein (3/0mm/Hg)
4) Wall thickness– Artery (thick) Vein (Thin)
Shock
Venus/capillary pooling of blood
Hypovolemic shock
Low volume of blood
Signs of shock
Pale MM, Tachycardia, BP drops, body temp drops
Treatment of shock
IV cath and warm fluids, NaHCO3 in fluids, +/- corteco steroids IV, +/- stop bleeding, +/- blood transfusion
Diffusion
Movement of gas or solute from high to low concentration
Gas exchange
Diffusion of O2 and Co2
Eupnea
Normal resperation
Diaphragmatic hernia
Tear in the diphragm
Na, K, H2Co3
Sodium, potassium, carbonic acid
Atelectasis
Partial or complete collapse of the lung
Hyperkalemia
Excess potassium in the blodstream
Hypercapnia/hypercabia
elevated Co2
Chylomicron
Dietary fat particles
Thoracic duct
Stores the chylomicrons
Vascular
Blood vessels
Verminous embolism
worms in the lungs
Septic embolism
Bacteria that abstructs a blood vessel
Hemangiosarcoma
Connective tissue tumor, blood vessel tumor
Aneurism
Artery wall starts to thin and bulge
Metabolic acidosis
Low pH in the bloodstream happens in all types of shock
