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RRCCPA Human Anatomy Lecture > Vessels > Flashcards

Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Blood Volume Distribution

A 
Systemic Veins 64%
Systemic Arteries 13%
Pulmonary vessels 9%
Heart 7%
Systemic Capillaries 7%
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2
Q

What is the Adventitia of the arterial wall composed of?

A

Strong fibrous tissue

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3
Q

What is the Media of the arterial wall composed of?

A

smooth muscles
elastic tissue
fibrous tissue

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4
Q

What is the Intima of the arterial wall composed of?

A

single layer of endothelial tissue

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5
Q

Describe the anatomy of the artery wall

A
  • Thick and firm
  • Dilate with systole to a small degree
  • Low capacitance
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6
Q

In ASCVD initially, within the endothelial cells there is an inflammatory response with accumulation of what type of cells?

A

WBCs

Macrophages

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7
Q

In ASCVD, after WBCs and macrophages accumulate what happens next?

A
  1. Accumulation of cholesterol and triglycerides into a fatty deposit called and atheroma
  2. Accumulation of Ca2+
  3. Mass reduces elasticity of the artery (stiff) and narrow the lumen (hardening)
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8
Q

What is the progression of endothelial dysfunction?

A
  1. Initial lesion
  2. Fatty streak
  3. Intermediate lesion
  4. Atheroma
  5. Fibroatheroma
  6. Complicated lesion
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9
Q

What is a granuloma?

A

Accumulation of inflammatory cells 2/2 to an inflammatory process
(seen in Arteritis)

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10
Q

In Takayasu’s Arteritis what main vessel in involved?

A

Carotid artery (will see thickening of the wall on imaging)

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11
Q

There is one place you can actually see the arteries and veins..where is it?

A

The fundus of the eye

arteries appear redder sat. = 90-95%

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12
Q

Arteriole function

A
  • Control amount of resistance through vasoconstriction and vasodilation
  • Greatest drop in pressure occurs
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13
Q

Distal arterioles have only what 2 layers?

A
  • media (smooth muscle)

- intima

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14
Q

What are the intrinsic mechanisms (autoregulation) for arterioles?

A

-Metabolic or myogenic controls

Distribute blood flow to individual organs and tissues as needed

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15
Q

What are the extrinsic mechanisms for arterioles?

A
  • Neuronal or hormonal controls
  • Maintain MAP
  • Redistribute blood during exercise and thermoregulation
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16
Q

What metabolic factors will cause vasodilation of the arterioles?

A 
Dec O2
Inc CO2, H+, K+
Prostaglandins
Adenosine
Nitric oxide
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17
Q

What neuronal and hormonal factors will cause vasodilation of the arterioles?

A
  • Dec sympathetic tone

- Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP - maintains fluid level and BP)

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18
Q

What neuronal and hormonal factors cause vasoconstriction of arterioles?

A
  • Inc sympathetic tone
  • Angiotensin II
  • Antidiuretic hormone
  • Epi and NE
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19
Q

Capillary anatomy

A
  • single layer of endothelium (continuous with intima)
  • small, short 5-10 micrometers in diameter
  • 1 mm long

(est. 62,000 miles long)

20
Q

Capillaries have the ____ total area and cross sectional diameter of any component of vascular bed

A

largest

21
Q

The single cell layer of endothelium in capillaries facilitates the passage of?

A
  • water
  • electrolytes
  • O2
  • CO2
  • waste & nutrients (glucose)
22
Q

T/F: There are no large fluctuation in blood pressure in the veins or capillaries?

A

True

23
Q

Venule walls have what two layers?

A

Intima and media

24
Q

Veins have what layers?

A

Adventitia
Media
Intima

25
Q

T/F: The adventicia and media are much thinner than in the arteries

A

True

Veins have much thinner walls and are collapsible (increased capacitance and lower BP)

26
Q

Veins have ____ diameter lumens which offer little resistance to flow

A

large

27
Q

Valves of the veins help to?

A

direct flow to the heart

28
Q

Are veins usually pulsatile?

A

No - not unless transmitted by cardiac pulsations

29
Q

Increased venous return to the heart is one of the primary mechanisms by which cardiac output is?

A

Increased rapidly

This can be done by increased sympathetic tone (smooth muscle in veins contract)

30
Q

What factors increase Venous Return to the Heart?

A
  • Sympathetic nerve stimulation (constriction)
  • Skeletal muscle pump (calves)
  • Breathing (neg intrathoracic pressure)
  • Inc Blood volume (urine and tissue fluid volume)
31
Q

There is a ____ and an ____ component to influencing venous return to the heart.

A

respiratory and abdominal

32
Q

What does the Valsalva Maneuver do?

A

Increases intra-thoracic and intra-abdominal pressures

33
Q

What does the increased pressured created by the Valsalva Maneuver cause?

A

It prevents blood from flowing into the vena cavae with resultant decreased venous return to the heart and decreased CO.

34
Q

There is also a ____ component to venous return.

A

positional

lying down will increase venous return to the heart

35
Q

What is phasicity?

A

The ebb and flow in the veins in response to respiration and cardiac right atrial contraction

36
Q

With standing respiration what happens to the pressure in the thorax and what does this cause?

A

The pressure decreases and venous blood flows into the chest vena cavae. The intra abdominal pressure increases, increasing abdominal vein pressure.

37
Q

Due to the veins having about 60-70% of the blood in your circulatory system, what are they responsive to?

A

Gravity

38
Q

What is the primary factor in determining intravascular pressure?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

39
Q

What is the pressure in the legs while supine vs while standing?

A 
Supine = to RA pressure 10 mmHG
Standing = 90+ mmHg and negative pressure in the head

(250mL of blood pools into LE)

40
Q

When enough blood pools in the lower extremity veins, you have a decreased amount of blood flow to the heart and this results in?

A

Syncope “Coldstream Guard Down”

41
Q

When blood pools in the lower extremity veins the increased hydrostatic pressure causes?

A

Leakage of fluid from the capillaries causing peripheral edema

42
Q

What is Virchow’s Triad?

A

Stasis
Hyper-coagulability
Endothelial Injury

43
Q

Healthy valves in the veins of the muscles should open when muscles contract and ___ when they relax

A

close

44
Q

When blood clots, the RBCs tend to organize themselves into layers and this requires?

A

More energy to break the clot up than if the RBCs were just randomly clumped together

45
Q

What occurs when there is decreased protein in the blood (albumin)

A

Edema

46
Q

An average of how many liters of plasma remain in the interstitial fluid?

A

3 L

20 L out - 17 L reabsorbed

RRCCPA Human Anatomy Lecture (20 decks)

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