Brain stuff- exam I Flashcards
Which lobe of the brain controls executive functions, attention, personality, and problem solving?
Frontal lobe
Which lobe of the brain is the primary visual area?
Occipital lobe
As humans develop, which grows more- neurons or the connections between them?
the connections between them
What types of connections help build long term memory for learning?
neuron connections
The _______ sulcus divides the frontal and parietal lobes.
Central (AKA Rolandic Fissure)
The somatosensory cortex is part of the ________ lobe of the brain.
Parietal
The _______ lobe processes sensory information such as temperature, pressure and touch
Parietal
think of it as a piranha and the piranha is biting the parietal lobe which is extremely SENSITIVE
The _______ lobe processes sensory information such as temperature, pressure and touch and also helps with math functions.
Parietal
think of it as a piranha and the piranha is biting the parietal lobe which is extremely SENSITIVE
The _______lobe processes things we hear and stores short and long term memory.
Temporal
The _______lobe contains part of the limbic system, which stores short and long term memory, influences emotion and learning.
Temporal
The _________ System is responsible for the creation and modulation of emotion, memory, feeding, breeding, and homeostatic regulation.
Limbic
What would occur if a patient had damage to their hippocampus?
Would not be able to convert short term memory to long term memory
If a patient had Broca’s Aphasia, they would be able to _____________, but would not be able to ____________.
would be able to understand what your asking/saying (comprehension intact), but would not be able to say what they are thinking (expressive language is not intact)
If a patient had Wernicke’s Aphasia they would not be able to __________ and their speech would be _____________.
Pt would not be able to understand what you are asking (comprehension not intact), and their speech would be fast and incoherent
How does Wernicke’s Encephalopathy differ from Wernicke’s Aphasia?
Wernicke’s encephalopathy is due to a thiamine deficiency (usually seen in alcoholics), which causes ocular motor weakness, ataxia, and confusion.
Wernicke’s Aphasia or Syndrome occurs when a pt has damage to the Wernicke’s area of the brain, causing them to lack comprehension of language.
How does Wernicke’s Encephalopathy differ from Wernicke’s Aphasia? What causes the Encephalopathy?
Wernicke’s encephalopathy is due to a thiamine deficiency (usually seen in alcoholics), which causes ocular motor weakness, ataxia, and confusion.
Which structures of the brain comprise the Basal Ganglia?
Lentiform Nucleus(=Putamen and Globus Pallidus)
Caudate Nucleus
Subthalamic Nuclei
Substantia Nigra
Which structure of the brain is responsible for: nuclei process and relay, primarily sensory information from the body to the cortex. It also regulates sleep, awareness, consciousness and arousal, and has a motor role.
THALAMUS
This structure of the brain is concerned with control of temperature and blood pressure, sleep, water metabolism, secretion of hormones, hunger, emotional reactions, and maintains balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
Hypothalamus
Damage to this structure of the brain would create gait, balance and motor coordination dysfunction.
Cerebellum
About 90% of people are _______(right or left) hand dominant, and 90-95% of these people have ______ (right/left) hemispheric dominance.
RIGHT handed
LEFT hemispheric
The following structures make up the _______ System: Hippocampus, Hypothalamus, Thalamus and Cingulate Gyrus, olfactory system, Amygdala and Pituitary Gland.
Limbic System
The Basal Ganglia is important because it is responsible for initiation, control and modulation of the ___________ ______________ Function.
Skeletal motor
it also aids in learning, emotion and cognition
The ________ __________ System determines our state of arousal and alertness
Reticular Activating System
The Reticular System is in the _____ ______ but has connections to the cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus and spinal cord.
Brain stem
The ________ (structure of the brain) is the relay center for many sensory and motor pathways to the Reticular Activating System and cerebral cortex influencing mental alertness and sleep.
Thalamus
Pertaining to the motor cortex; The ____________ System CONTROLS movement, while the ______________ System COORDINATES movement.
Pyramidal- controls
Extrapyramidal- coordinates
The ________ _________ (structure of the brain) transmits motor and sensory fibers from cortex to brain stem and spinal cord.
Internal Capsule
True or False? Corticospinal Pathways go through the Internal Capsule.
TRUE
Parkinson’s disease, Tardives Dyskinesia, Huntington’s Chorea, and Sydenham’s chorea are all diseases that affect which System of the brain/motor cortex?
Extrapyramidal
The __________(structure of the brain) is the control center for the coordination of muscle activity, equilibrium, and muscle tonus.
Cerebellum
The cerebral hemispheres are separated by the _____________, while the cerebellum is separated from the cerebrum by the _______________. The ____________ separates the cerebellar hemispheres.
Falx Cerebri
Tentorium Cerebelli (think tent over the cerebellum)
Falx Cerebelli
Name the meninges of the brain from outermost to innermost.
Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Meter
This is a tight junction between capillary endothelial cells and astrocytes allowing metabolically necessary chemicals to cross, but restricting others. Important in pharmacological therapy.
Blood Brain Barrier
The Anterior Lobe of the pituitary gland is called the ___________ and the Posterior Lobe is called the _____________.
adenohypophysis
neurohypophysis
TRUE OR FALSE? If a patient has damage in the cerebellum, their deficits are usually on same side as lesion/damage.
TRUE
If an Intracranial hemorrhage occurs in the brain or spinal cord, it is referred to as ________. If it occurs outside the brain and spinal cord, it is referred to as ________.
intraaxial
extraxial
It is common for a patient to experience the “Lucid Interval” with what type of head injury?
Epidural hematoma
If a patient presents with Dementia, Ataxic Gait, and Urinary Incontinence ((AKA they are “Wacky, Wobbly, and Wet”), they most likely have _______ ___________ ___________.
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
___________________is the most common primary brain tumor and is very malignant
Glioblastoma multiforme (Grade IV Astrocytoma)
In a _______ stroke a blood clot blocks blood flow and therefore oxygen to an area of the brain, whereas in a ____________ stroke, there is bleeding inside or around brain tissue.
Ischemic
Hemorrhagic
TRUE OR FALSE? About 50% of all tumors in the brain/ spinal cord are malignant.
TRUE
This type of encephalitis typically presents in the temporal lobe.
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
A brain injury can lead to ________ _________, which causes a Mid Line Shift and Distortion of Brain – this compresses blood supply resulting in ischemia and herniation of the brain through the Falx cerebri and/or Tentorium cerebelli.
Mass Effect
This type of stroke is a small infarct occurring in the distal distribution of deep penetrating vessels of the brain. They result from occlusion of one of the small penetrating end arteries at the base of the brain. This type contributes to about 25% of strokes.
Lacunar Infarction
Name the parts of a “Triple CT” used as diagnostic for a suspected stroke patient.
- CT without contrast
- CTA of head with contrast
- CTA of neck
Direct trauma at the site of injury causes _______(coup/contracoup), while ____________(coup/contracoup) causes injury at site opposite of impact
Coup (at site of impact/ acceleration)
Contracoup (opposite of impact/ deceleration)
_________ __________ Injury is the frequent result of traumatic deceleration injuries and the most significant cause of morbidity in patients with traumatic brain
injuries, with vegetative state in 90%. This type of injury is secondary to rotational shear injuries between density differences in brain tissue – gray/white matter junction – creating severe edema.
Diffuse Axonal Injury
__________ Disease is caused by a lesion of CN VIII causing sensory problems and presents with tinnitus, vertigo, and hearing loss.
Meniere’s Disease
Obstruction of __________ ___ _________ is the most common cause of hydrocephalus in children.
Aqueduct of Sylvius
Where does the blood of a subarachnoid hemorrhage go and why is it so important not to miss these?
Subarachnoid space and Cisterns (Suprasellar cistern, Cerebellopontine angle cistern, Cisterna Magna).
Blood from a subarachnoid hemorrhage pulses into the space between the brain and the skull. It mixes with the cerebrospinal fluid that cushions the brain and spinal cord. As blood flows into the cerebral spinal fluid, it increases the pressure that surrounds the brain. The increased pressure can interfere with brain function.
An _________ ____________occurs when the uncus and hippocampal gyrus herniate into the tentorial notch often with impingement of CN III, which causes the pupils to be _______ and _________.
Uncal herniation
Fixed and dilated
CSF flows from the ________ Ventricles through the Foramina of _________ to 3rd Ventricle, through the Cerebral ___________to 4th Ventricles into the Subarachnoid spaces via Foramina of __________ and ___________, then over the cerebral convexities to be absorbed by the arachnoid granulations in dural venous sinuses.
Lateral
Monroe
Aqueducts
Luschka and Magendie
Which two meninges are considered the leptomeninges?
Arachnoid and Pia mater
What is the most common cause of a subarachnoid hemorrhage?
Berry aneurysm
The injury of which artery of the brain, most commonly leads to an epidural (or extradural) hematoma?
Middle meningeal artery
This type of hematoma is most often seen in elderly patients and is not always noticed acutely.
Subdural hematoma
Left ________ __________ Artery strokes will involve language areas in a large percentage of patients.
Middle Cerebral
Where in the brain do the majority of berry aneurysms occur? What might a pt who has a berry aneurysm tell you as chief complaint?
Circle of Willis
“This is the worst headache of my life”
_______________ insufficiency can cause ischemia to the pons, brainstem and medulla, which can cause vertigo, fainting, and/or falling secondary to weak quadriceps.
Vertebrobasilar
insufficiency of the vertebral and basilar arteries=lack of blood and therefore O2 to the pons/brainstem/medulla
If a blood clot occurs in either the Superior Sagittal Sinus, the Transverse sinus, or the Sigmoid Sinus, what will happen in the brain?
Blood will back up and cause edema
This type of neurological degenerative disease is classified by diffuse cortical atrophy and dementia.
Alzheimers
This type of dementia is caused by Subcortical Atherosclerotic Encephalopathy and is a form of multi-infarct dementia.
Binswanger’s Disease
This is an Inflammatory demyelinating disease, in which symptoms and lesions are separated by time and space. Can be progressive, remitting, relapsing, or combination of all.
Multiple Sclerosis
This type of brain mass is a benign neoplasia of the meninges.
Meningioma
Where is CSF produced?
Epithelial cells of the choroid plexus (a network of blood vessels) in the lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles
This fissure divides the left and right Cerebral hemispheres
Longitudinal fissure
This fissure separates the Frontal and Parietal lobes from the Temporal lobe.
Sylvian or lateral fissure
This structure is the largest and most dense bundle of white matter fibers. It connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres.
Corpus callosum
The __________ _________ is an endocrine gland that is located in the sella turcica. It is connected to the Hypothalamus by the Infundibulum.
Pituitary gland
The _______ ________ is an endocrine structure that secretes melatonin, which aids in the regulation of day/night cycles and reproductive functions.
Pineal gland
The cerebral peduncles are contained in the _________. The peduncles contain the ________ ________ which is involved in the production of dopamine.
Midbrain
Substantia Nigra
The ___ nucleus is contained in the midbrain and serves as a relay station between the Cerebellum and Cerebral hemispheres.
Red nucleus
These veins drain the white matter of the Cerebrum.
Deep veins of the cerebrum
Located along the surface of the brain, these veins drain the Cortex and some white matter into the Dural sinuses.
Superficial cortical veins
The ________ Sinuses are large veins located within the Dura mater of the brain that ultimately drain into the Internal jugular veins of the neck. The major ones include Superior and Inferior sagittal, Straight, Transverse, Sigmoid, Petrosal and Cavernous sinuses.
Dural
The 2 motor pyramidal tracts are called the _________________ and the ______________. These tracts decussate in the ________ _____________.
Corticobulbar
corticospinal
Medulla Oblongata
