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RRCCPA Human Anatomy Lecture > Brain Study guide for Anatomy Exam 1 & Clin Medicine Exam 2-- by Dr. Witwer > Flashcards

Brain Study guide for Anatomy Exam 1 & Clin Medicine Exam 2-- by Dr. Witwer Flashcards

1
Q

The Cerebrum is divided into the _____ and ____ hemispheres

A

Left and Right Cerebral hemispheres

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2
Q

What is the function of the Frontal Lobe?

A

Executive functions
Attention
Personality
Problem Solving

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3
Q

What lobe contains the primary visual area/cortex?

A

Occipital Lobe

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4
Q

What are two key areas in the Temporal Lobe?

A

Hippocampus

Portions of the Limbic System

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5
Q

The Central Sulcus is also called what?

A

The Rolandic Fissure

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6
Q

The Anterior portion of the Central Sulcus contains what specific cortex?

A

Motor Cortex (Pyrimidal Motor System)

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7
Q

What is the name of the motor strip of the Motor Cortex?

A

Homunculus - initiates movement

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8
Q

The Auditory Cortex contains what system?

A

Limbic System

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9
Q

What are the functions of the Limbic System?

A 
Creation and modulation of emotion
Memory
Feeding
Breeding
Homeostatic regulation
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10
Q

Damage to the Hippocampal region results in what?

A

Inability to convert short term to long term memory

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11
Q

True/False: The majority of patients have left sided hemispheric dominance - 90+%

A

True

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12
Q

Broca’s Area is the center for what function?

A

expressive speech

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13
Q

When there is damage to Broca’s Area a patient has what?

A

Broca’s aphasia (motor)

Patient has trouble speaking but comprehension is preserved

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14
Q

Wernicke’s Area is the center for what function?

A

repetitive, sensory speech

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15
Q

When there is damage to Wernicke’s Area a patient has the following Sx:

A

Patient has difficulty speaking in coherent sentences (word salad) or understanding others’ speech
Note: this is different from Wernicke’s encephalopathy

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16
Q

What are the structures that make up the Basal Ganglia?

A
  1. Caudate Nucleus
  2. Lentiform nucleus (=Putamen + Globus pallidus**)
  3. Globus pallidus**
  4. Substantia Nigra
  5. Subthalamic Nucleus
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17
Q

What are the functions of the Basal Ganglia?

A

Initiation, control, and modulation of skeletal motor function
Learning, cognition, and emotion

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18
Q

What is the function of the Internal Capsule?

A

transmits motor and sensory fibers from the cortex to the brain stem and spinal cord

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19
Q

What is the function of the Thalamus?

A

processes and relays sensory information

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20
Q

The Hypothalamus is part of what system?

A

The Limbic System

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21
Q

The Hypothalamus maintains homeostasis by regulating (7 things)

A 
temperature
blood pressure
water
sleep
endocrine
autonomic NS
emotion
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22
Q

What is the function of the Reticular Activating System?

A

arousal and alertness

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23
Q

What system is affected in comatose states?

A

The Reticular Activating System

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24
Q

What happens in a Cerebral Contusion?

A

Coup and contra-coup - edema and hemorrhage

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25
Q

What is a diffuse axonal injury?

A

A shear injury

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26
Q

What two lobes make up the Pituitary Gland?

A
  1. Anterior Lobe - adenohypophysis

2. Posterior Lobe - neurohypophysis

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27
Q

According to Dr. Witwer, the Reticular activating system involves anything that

A

keeps you awake! (i.e. Hearing, visual, motor, proprioception, etc)

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28
Q

Regulation and control of balance, posture, muscle tone, coordination of voluntary motor function is the function of the _________

A

Cerebellum

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29
Q

The cerebellum does NOT ______ movement, but organizes, coordinates and modulates that movement

A

initiate

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30
Q

Cerebellar damage–> Sx present on the same side as ____

A

lesion

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31
Q

Diseases of the Cerebellum are manifested by:

A
  • Signs are usually on the same side as the lesion
  • Uncoordinated motor acts
  • Inability to judge distance (pass-pointing)
  • Inability to perform rapid alternating movements
  • Intention tremor
  • Abnormal gait (ataxia), falling, hypotonia
  • Nystagmus
32
Q

Cerebellum includes which structures?

A
  • Brain stem and Cerebral Peduncles
  • Pons
  • Medulla oblongata
33
Q

Brain stem and cerebral peduncles include the _______ and red nucelus

A

substantia nigra

34
Q

The cerebellopontine angle cistern is located between the ______ and ____

A

pons and cerebellum

35
Q

Vestibular schwannoma is a benign intracranial tumor of the ______

A

myelin-forming cells of the vestibulocochlear nerve (8th cranial nerve)

36
Q

Cranial nerve 8 goes through the _____ angle cistern

A

cerebellopontine

37
Q

90% of the pyramidal tracts decussates in the ___________

A

medulla oblongata

38
Q

The pyramidal system_____ movement

A

controls

39
Q

Pyramidal system motor pathway

A

Corticospinal tracts–> cortex to spine via the internal capsule–> decussates in the pyramids of the medulla

40
Q

What would be affected if the anterior cerebral artery was damaged?

A

lower extremities would be affected

41
Q

What body parts would be affected if the middle cerebral artery was damaged?

A

hands and face

42
Q

Extrapyramidal system______ movement

A

coordinates

43
Q

Diseases of the Extrapyramidal system

A
  • Parkinson’s
  • Tardive Dyskinesia
  • Huntington’s chorea
  • Syndenham’s chorea
44
Q

Parkinson’s is degeneration of the ____ and _____

A

globus pallidus and substantia nigra

45
Q

Orienting sensory inputs comes from Proprioception, position (spinocerebellar tracts), and CN ____, and ____ muscles

A
  • proprioception
  • position (spinocerebellar tracts)
  • Vetibular apparatus (CN VIII)
  • EOMs (CN 3, 4, 6) sensory modalities
46
Q

Disease characterized by Tinnitus, vertigo, and deafness

A

Meniere’s disease

47
Q

DDx for Meniere’s would include:

A

tumor in the internal auditory meatus

48
Q

Congenital Hydrocephalus occurs as a result of the obstruction of the _______.

A

Aqueduct of Sylvius

49
Q

What is the most common cause of congenital hydropcephalus?

A

Obstruction of the aqueduct of sylvius

50
Q

Normal pressure Hydrocephalus is characterized by the 3 W’s

A

-Wacky, wobbly, and wet= dementia, ataxia, urinary incontinence

51
Q

CSF flow can be obstructed by _______ secondary to meningitis

A

scarring

52
Q

Other causes of CSF flow obstruction

A

Scarring secondary to:

  • subarachnoid hemorrhage,
  • tumor in the subarachnoid spaces over the convexity (top) of the brain
  • May cause hydrocephalus
53
Q

The subarachnoid space and cisterns are where ______ hemorrhages occur

A

Subarachnoid

54
Q

What 3 main structures are included in the subarachnoid space and cisterns?

A

Suprasellar cistern
Cerebellopontine angle cistern
Cisterna Magna

55
Q

Cardinal Sx of Uncal Herniation

A

Fixed and dilated pupils

56
Q

Uncal Herniation occurs when the ______ and _______ are herniated into the tentorial notch, often with impingement of CN III

A

Uncas and Hippocampal gyrus are herniated

57
Q

Where can herniation occur for Uncal herniation? (3 places)

A

Across the midline against the falx, through the tentorium (uncal), through the foramen magnum (cerebellar tonsils)

58
Q

Leptomeninges, aka the inner two meninges are_____ and _____

A

arachnoid and pia mater

59
Q

Infections, inflammations, intracerebral hemorrhages, and tumors will ____ _____ the blood brain barrier

A

break down

60
Q

The “lucid interval” is associated with _____ hematomas

A

extradural hematomas

61
Q

The majority of epidural hematomas are secondary to head trauma & injury to the ________

A

Middle meningeal artery

62
Q

Albert (a 77 yr old grandpa) was hit in the head with a baseball and fell over unconscious for a few minutes. He was quickly aroused, and suddenly felt better– despite the swelling that had developed on the back of his head from where the ball hit. This phenomenon is known as the ___

A

“lucid interval” –> Pts get knocked out, suddenly feel better. The bleed will slowly progress and get to the point of irreversibility and death occurs

Causes: injury to middle meningeal artery, secondary to head trauma.

63
Q

Subdural hematomas are most commonly secondary to the rupture of ________

A

bridging cerebral veins

64
Q

T/F- Subdural hematomas can be acute and chronic

A

True

65
Q

In which population are subdural hematomas most common?

A

elderly

66
Q

85% of subarachnoid hemorrhages are caused by _____

A

ruptured cerebral aneurysms

67
Q

______ aneurysms tend to appear at the base of the brain where the major blood vessels meet, also known as the Circle of Willis. When they rupture they can be VERY deadly

A

Berry aneurysms

68
Q

69 yr. old man named Jeff presents to the clinic with “the worst HA of his life.” He also complains of neck stiffness, and his wife found him unconscious on the floor this morning.

What is your #1 dx for Jeff? What should you order?

A

SAH (subarachnoid hemorrhage)

Diagnosis: Non Contrast CT, Spinal tap, and Cerebral Arteriogram (angiography).

69
Q

Anterior cerebral artery supplies blood to __________

A

the frontal lobes

70
Q

Middle cerebral artery supplies blood to ____

A

a portion of the frontal lobe and the lateral surface of the temporal and parietal lobes

71
Q

Posterior cerebral arteries supply blood to_____

A

temporal and occipital lobes of the left cerebral hemisphere and the right hemisphere.

72
Q

Left middle cerebral artery strokes will involve ______ areas in a large % of patients

A

language areas

73
Q

Vertebrobasilar insufficiency can cause ischemia to the ____, ___, and ____

A

Pons, brainstem, and medulla

74
Q

Vertigo, fainting, dropping secondary to weak quadriceps are clinical manifestations of _____

A

Vertebrobasilar insufficiency

75
Q

Blood clots in ______ sinuses result in the back up of blood and edema in the brain (name 3)

A

Superior sagittal sinus, Transverse, and Sigmoid sinuses

RRCCPA Human Anatomy Lecture (20 decks)

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