Head and neck study guide Flashcards
cerebral cortex is made up of Gyri, Sulci, and fissures true or false
True
you can find the motor cortex and somatic motor association (premotor cortex) in the frontal lobe. True or False
True
You can find the primary auditory cortex in the occipital lobe. true or false?
False, you would find the primary visual area
Damage to the temporal lobe could also affect what conversion of memory?
short term to long term because the hippocampus is in the temporal lobe
What is the function of the limbic system?
creation, modulation of emotion, memory, feeding, homeostatic regulation and mating
What makes up the basal ganglia?
Lentiform nucleus (globus pallidus, Putamen), Caudate nucleus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus
What is the function of the basal ganglia?
initiation, control and modulation of skeletal motor function.
Learning, cognition and memory
Function of internal capsule?
transmits motor and sensory fibers
Thalamus does what with incoming info?
it processes and relays sensory info
What are some diseases of the Extrapyramidal system?
Parkinsons- degeneration of globus pallidus and substantia nigra
Tardive dyskinesia
Huntingtons chorea
Syndehams chorea
Branches of external carotid artery
Superior thyroid artery Ascending pharyngeal artery Lingual artery Facial artery Occipital artery Posterior auricular artery Maxillary artery Superficial temporal artery
some anatomists like freaking out poor medical students
What type of hemorrhage produces a lucid interval?
epidural hemorrhage
What is the function of the superior orbital fissure
Communicates btw the middle cranial fossa and orbit
What nerves run through the superior orbital fissure
CN 3, 4, and 6
along with branches of ophthalmic nerve V1, Nasociliary N, Frontal (supraorbital N), and lacrimal N
What does the inferior orbital fissure communicate with?
communicates with the Pterygopalatine fossa, infratemporal fossa, temporal fossa and the orbit
What does the inferior orbital fossa contain?
Maxillary Nerve CN V2, infraorbital N and Zygomatic N
What do the parasympathetics from CN V2 innervate in regards to the face?
innervates mucous membranes of the:
- Nose
- Soft palate
- Tonsils
- Uvula
- upper pharynx
What are the major components of the pterygopalatine Fossa
- Maxillary nerve
- Parasympathetics from CN VII and Sympathetics from internal carotid artery
- The pterygopalatine ganglion
Is the pterygopalatine ganglion sympathetic or parasympathetic?
its a parasympathetic ganglion
The pterygopalatine contains _________ _______ that go from CN _____ to the Maxillary nerve CN V2
Parasympathetic nerves
CN VII
The ophthalmic nerve V1 goes to the _______ nerve to innervate the ________ ________
Lacrimal
Lacrimal gland
What main arterys are contained in the infratemporal fossa
- Maxillary Artery
- Middle Meningeal
- Inferior Alveolar which accompanies the inferior Alveolar N
What structures does the maxillary artery branch off and go to
- Nasal cavity
- Roof and walls of oral cavity
- all teeth
- Masseter
- Pterygoid
- dura mater
What are all the contents of the infratemporal fossa?
- Medial and lateral pterygoid MM V3
- Maxillary Artery
- Mandibular Nerve
- Otic ganglion
- Branches of Facial Nerve
- Branches of Glossopharyngeal nerve
- Petrotympanic fissure aka Chorda Tympani
What is the role of the chorda tympani
- carries taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
2. carries parasympathetic innervation to all glands below the oral fissure
What innervates the parotid gland
CN IX which comes from the otic ganglion located in the infratemporal fossa
Which nerve innervates the submandibular and sublingual glands
CN VII from the submandibular ganglion
What is contained in the Temporal fossa?
- Temporalis Muscle
- Deep Temporal NN, branches of V3
- Zygomaticotemporal branches of the Maxillary Nerve V2
- Deep Temporal Arteries
Can you feel your superficial Temporal Artery?
Yes, Yes you can
infections around these two areas is considered the “danger Area”
Mouth and nose
Why are infections around the mouth and nose considered dangerous
-Because the cavernous sinus and pterygoid plexus are right behind and infections can disseminate intracranially
What are the borders of the anterior triangle
The superiorly border-inferior portion of mandible
Lateral border- anterior portion of sternocleidomastoid muscle
So the anterior triangle is below the mandible and in front of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Describe the location of the posterior triangle
This triangle is posterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle but anterior to the trapezius muscle
what does the jugulodigastric node receive drainage from?
drainage from tonsils and peritonsillar area
What does the jugulo-omohyoid node receive drainage from?
the tongue
What two fascial layers are btw the pharynx and esophagus anteriorly and the vertebral column posteriorly ?
- Buccopharyngeal fascia
2. Prevertebral Fascia
The ________ fascia is continuous with the ____________ fascia
buccopharyngeal
Retroesophageal
The prevertebral fascia in the midline splits to form what space?
Alar space
True or false? the prevertebral fascia extends from the base of the skull to the pelvis and out into the axillae to form the maxillary sheath?
False- it forms the Axillary sheath
What three spaces act as conduits to spread infection and are btw the pharynx and esophagus anteriorly and the vertebral column posteriorly
- retropharyngeal- extends to angle of louis & continuous with lateral pharyngeal space
- Alar space aka third space
- prevertebral space
The _______ plexus (C5 to T1) emerges btw the anterior and middle scalene muscles
brachial
The ______ plexus is C2-C4
Cervical
Is the phrenic nerve posterior or anterior to scalene muscle?
Anterior
What is the saying associated with the phrenic nerve?
C 3, 4, 5 keep the diaphragm alive
If the phrenic nerve is irritated where would you expect the pain?
Itd be referred pain to C4
What are the four infrahyoid or “Strap” or “Ribbon” muscles of the neck (hint they all basically end in hyoid)
- Sternohyoid
- Thyrohyoid
- Sternothyroid
- Omohyoid
What contains the common and internal carotid arteries, internal jugular vein and vagus nerve (neurovascular bundle)
carotid sheath
Are parathyroid glands posterior or anterior to thyroid gland
posterior
what nerves are posterolateral to the trachea bilaterally
hint: damage to these usually results in hoarseness
recurrent laryngeal nerves
This node is located in the supraclavicular region
virchows node
The cricothyroid muscle is innervated by which nerve?
External laryngeal nerve of CNX
Its the “high note” muscle
when looking straight back in a mouth you are viewing which vertebra
C2
the hard palate is at the level of what?
the foramen magnum
the hyoid bone and bifurcation of the common carotid are what cervical level?
C3-C4
cricoid cartilage is at level?
C5-6
what does the prelaryngeal node drain?
yup the larynx
The platysma muscle is innervated by which nerve
innervated by the cervical branch of the facial nerve CN VII
What does the submental node drain?
Tip of tongue, floor of mouth and lower lip
The first lymph node in which cancer from a tumor is most likely to spread is known as what type of lymph node?
sentinel lymph node- lymphatics follow veins
The suprasternal notch is at the level of which thoracic vertebra?
T1-2
Out of cervical roots 1, 2, 3, 4 which cervical root does not carry sensory information
C1 does not carry fibers- Supplies motor to the smaller head moving muscles at base of the skull
If you CN XI is cut are you able to still slightly shrug your shoulders? why?
Yes, because C1-C4 also supply the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
C3 “THird cervical root” supply sensory to what?
THyrohyoid area
See what i did there (THird THyrohyoid)
Weakness in the Killians Dehisence can cause ________ Diverticulum
Zenkers
Which nerve innervates the pharyngeal muscles?
Vagus nerve
the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle is composed of what two constrictor muscles?
Thyropharyngeal constrictor
Cricopharyngeal constrictor
Killians Gap is located where?
Between the Thyropharyngeal constrictor
Cricopharyngeal constrictor
What are the three types of Diverticuli?
- Zenkers diverticulum
- Traction diverticulum
- Epiphrenic diverticulum
What would you find located btw the palatopharyngeal archs (posteriorly) and palatoglossal archs (anteriorly)
palatine tonsils
obstruction above the level of the larynx in the nasopharynx, pharynx or soft palate cause what sound?
Stertor- snoring or gasping sound
inspiratory sound
What could cause stertor?
- Retropharyngeal abscess
- Peritonsillar abscess
- Epiglottitis
- Enlarged adenoids
- Obstructive sleep apnea
Where would the obstruction be located in someone who has stridor?
obstruction could be found in the larynx, trachea or lower bronchial tree
What causes stridor?
- Acute laryngotracheobronchitis= CROUP
- aspiration of foreign body
- bacterial tracheitis
- allergic reaction, angioedema, glottic and subglottic edema
You are viewing an xray of a Pts airway and you notice a it has the “Steeple sign” what would you expect to hear?
Steeple sign = CROUP
What is the main cause of Sinusitis?
obstruction of the drainage pathways of the sinuses
-Surgery is performed to clear the obstructions
Drainage of the sinuses occurs via the ________ unit
osteomeatal
What does the osteomeatal unit composed of?
the Frontal, Maxillary, anterior, middle Ethmoidal Sinuses drain into Middle Meatus area
What do the concha in the osteomeatal increase?
Increase surface area to moisten and warm the air
What nerve would you expect to be damaged or impaired with a blowout fracture
CN III
The temporomandibular joint is a _______ joint with a _________
synovial
meniscus
All the muscles moving the mandible are inverted by CN V3 except for the _______ muscle which is innervated by _____
Geniohyoid
C1
What muscles are responsible for the protrusion of the mandible?
Lateral and Medial Pterygoid innervated by CN V3
Which muscles are responsible for retraction of the mandible
Posterior Temporalis, deep Masseter, Digastric CN V3
Geniohyoid C1
Which muscles are responsible for elevation of the mandible?
- Temporalis,
- Masseter,
- Medial Pterygoid CN V3
Which muscles are responsible for depression of the mandible
- Gravity (ha not a muscle tricked ya)
- Digastric CN V3
- Mylohyoid CN V3
- Geniohyoid C1
What muscles of the middle ear reduce force of vibrations, and dampen sound?
- Tensor Tympani (CN V3)
2. Stapedius (CN VII stapedius branch of facial nerve)
