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CS2480 > Vespasian, Titus, Domitian > Flashcards

Vespasian, Titus, Domitian Flashcards

1
Q

Where was Gaius Julius Vindex declared emperor in?

A

Gallia Lugdunensis

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2
Q

Where was Galba declared emperor?

A

Spain

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3
Q

What did the death of Nero signify?

A

End of Julio-Claudian Dynasty

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4
Q

Which dynasty rose to power after Nero’s death?

A

The Flavian Dynasty rose to power following a period of civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors.

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5
Q

How did the Flavian Dynasty come to power?

A

The Flavian Dynasty emerged victorious after the civil war following Nero’s death, during which four emperors vied for control of Rome in quick succession.

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6
Q

How did Galba become emperor?

A

Galba was proclaimed emperor by the Spanish Army and marched on Rome with Otho

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7
Q

What actions made Galba unpopular?

A

Executed Senators and Equestrians and fined towns that did not support him

Refused to pay donation to Praetorians

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8
Q

Who declared Vitellius emperor?

A

German Army

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9
Q

How did Galba die?

A

Galba refused to name Otho his successor, and was disappointed bc Otho was loyal early on and thought he would be the successor

So Otho bribes Praetorian guards who killed Galba in the Roman Forum

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10
Q

How did Vitellius become emperor?

A

Battle of Bedriacum against Otho and won

Otho then committed suicide and Vitellius was recognized by the Senate

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11
Q

What made Vitellius unpopular?

A
  • wasted money
  • killing citizens for money
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12
Q

How did Otho become emperor?

A

Bribed the Praetorian Guard, who assassinated Galba. Then was declared emperor

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13
Q

What was the state of the Roman Empire before the Flavian dynasty took power?

A

The empire was in disorder and near collapse after the violent deaths of three emperors during the Year of the Four Emperors

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14
Q

Who stabilized the Roman Empire after the chaos of 69 CE?

A

The Flavian dynasty began with Vespasian, who restored order and stability.

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15
Q

What was revealed during the succession crisis after Nero’s death?

“A well-hidden secret of the principate had been revealed: it was possible, it seemed, for an
emperor to be chosen outside of Rome.” (Tacitus. Hist. 1.4)

A

Occupation in the city or a position in the aristocracy was no longer a
requirement to become emperor

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16
Q

How did Vespasian’s family background impact his legitimacy?

A

Vespasian came from equestrian family

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17
Q

What was Vespasian’s association with Caligula and Nero?

A

With Caligula: He was a comrade but fell out of favor for failing to keep roads clean.

With Nero: Initially a friend, he was cast out after falling asleep during Nero’s performance in 66 CE but later led the army in Judea under Nero to suppress a rebellion.

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18
Q

How experienced was Vespasian with the military?

A

Significant military and administrative experience

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19
Q

How does Suetonius report Vespasian as when he came back from Africa?

A

So poor, had to turn to Mule trading to make living

Nickname: The Muleteer

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20
Q

How did Vespasian avoid associations with the Civil War?

A

Avoid Civil war to avoid blood on his hands

Could claim to be restorer of peace

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21
Q

What strategy did Vespasian use to control Rome?

A

Controlled grain supply from Egypt

avoided violence

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22
Q

How did Vespasian promise stability in the empire?

A

He immediately recognized his sons Titus and Domitian as heirs, proclaiming them Caesars.

With line of succession, prevent civil war

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23
Q

How did Vespasian solidify his legal position as emperor?

A

He and Titus became Consuls on the New Year to formally lead the Roman government.

He passed the Lex de Imperio Vespasiani, clarifying the emperor’s legal authority and succession rules.

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24
Q

What was the Lex de Imperio Vespasiani?

A

A law created by Emperor Vespasian to officially establish his power and ensure that his family would continue to rule after him

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25
Q

What powers did Vespasian define of the emperor?

A

Whatever Augustus, Tiberius and Claudius can do, so can he

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26
Q

What was Vespasian’s primary focus during his reign?

A

Bringing order to the empire, which was in a state of collapse, and improving it.

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27
Q

How did Suetonius view Vespasian’s personal conduct?

A

Suetonius praised Vespasian, claiming that few innocent people suffered under his rule.

28
Q

What did Vespasian do regarding treasonous acts before his reign?

A

Vespasian forgave everyone who had engaged in treason prior to his reign, continuing the tradition of previous emperors.

29
Q

Why was Vespasian unpopular at times?

A

He faced criticism for his conservative economic policies, including tax increases and revoked freedoms (e.g., the Greek states).

His refusal to reward the Alexandrians, who supported him first, also made him unpopular in Egypt.

30
Q

How did Vespasian live personally during his reign?

A

Vespasian lived modestly and did not indulge in luxury

31
Q

What were some of Vespasian’s key acts in rebuilding Rome?

A

Vespasian gave gifts to soldiers and the public to win their support.

He repaired sacred sites and public buildings, restoring those that were damaged or ruined.

When restoring monuments, he honored the original builders by keeping their names on the inscriptions instead of replacing them with his own.

32
Q

What did Vespasian do with the money he acquired through taxes?

A
  • re-establish laws
  • repair public works
  • restore Capitoline Temple
  • He encouraged Romans to restore monuments
33
Q

What did Vespasian also do other than promote restoration of old monuments?

A

Returned parts of the city back to the Roman People, which had been claimed for Nero’s Golden House

34
Q

What did Vespasian build for the people?

A

Roman Colosseum (Built on artificial lake from Golden House)

35
Q

What inscription is found on the outside of the Colosseum?

A

“The Emperor Caesar Vespasian Augustus ordered this new amphitheater to be made with the spoils of war.”

36
Q

How is Vespasian’s Coliseum related to Augustus’ plans?

A

Some argue that Augustus wanted to build an amphitheater in the heart of Rome, and that Vespasian was continuing his work.

37
Q

What was Vespasian’s Forum of Peace (Templum Pacis)?

A

The Forum of Peace was a great building project by Vespasian, marking the third of the Great Imperial Fora.

It was built with spoils of war and symbolized the restoration of peace after civil wars.

38
Q

What were the Great Imperial Fora, and what role did Vespasian’s Forum play in them?

A

The Great Imperial Fora were built to expand the Roman Forum and provide new centers for imperial administration.

Vespasian’s Forum of Peace was a monumental expansion, highlighting the theme of peace and the end of civil war with his accession

39
Q

Did Vespasian build an imperial palace?

A

No, Vespasian did not build an imperial palace.

Despite having access to Nero’s Domus Aurea, he repurposed the land and gave it back to the people, choosing to live simply

40
Q

How did Vespasian appear by this quote?

“His body was well proportioned, with strongly built limbs, his facial expression suggested he was
straining. A witty man made a rather good play on this when Vespasian asked him for a joke
about himself. “I’ll tell one”, he said, “When you’ve finished relieving your bowels.” He enjoyed
the most robust health, although he did nothing to maintain it beyond massaging his jaws and the
rest of his body a regular number of times in the ball-courts and fasting one day each month.”
(Suet. 20)

A
  • big strong guy
  • great sense of humour
  • healthy and robust
41
Q

How did Vespasian die?

A

Natural causes

42
Q

What were Vespasian’s last words?

A

“Alas, I think I am becoming a god!”

43
Q

Who ruled after Vespasian?

A

Titus

44
Q

How was Titus qualities recognized from an early age?

“His qualities of mind and body at once stood out even when he was a boy but still more so as he
advanced toward maturity. His appearance was striking, conveying authority as well as charm,
and he was unusually strong, though not tall in stature, while his stomach protruded a little.”
(Suet. Titus 3)

A

good

talented

45
Q

What was Titus’ relation with Vespasian

A
  • His Praetorian Prefect
  • and his son
46
Q

How did Titus handle the crises during his reign?

A

Despite the crises, Titus was praised for his efforts to overcome them.

47
Q

What was the significance of the Baths of Titus?

A

Similar to his father Vespasian, Titus repurposed parts of the Domus Aurea (Nero’s Golden House) for public use.

He consecrated the Colosseum in 80 CE and built the Baths of Titus, providing a public amenity

48
Q

What was Titus’s last words?

A

“I have made but one mistake”

49
Q

Who was the heir after Titus?

A

Domitian

50
Q

How did Domitian view his relationship with his brother Titus?

A

Domitian claimed that Titus had stolen the empire from him after their father’s death.

51
Q

How did Domitian’s behavior change during his reign?

A

Initially, he was unpredictable, showing a mix of faults and virtues, but over time his virtues deteriorated into faults.

52
Q

What led to Domitian’s increasing paranoia?

A

A conspiracy in 89 CE led by Lucius Antonius Saturninus (Governor of Germany) to replace Domitian as emperor.

53
Q

How did Domitian manage financial difficulties during his reign?

A
  • ran out of money after increasing Roman military salary
  • to cover costs, he cut the army’s size
  • Introduced Jewish Head Tax, increase tax on Jewish
54
Q

What was Domitian’s title and how did it reflect his behavior?

A

Domitian preferred the title “Dominus et Deus” (Master and God), which reflected his arrogance

55
Q

How did Domitian behave towards those around him?

A

Domitian was known for being impulsive, treacherous, and secretive.

56
Q

How did Domitian’s reign end?

A

He was killed by his guards, advisors, and his freedman with the knowledge of the
Praetorian Prefect and his wife

But did not assassinate him until they found a successor, Nerva

57
Q

How did the public react to Domitian’s assassination?

A

No one cared

Called for Domitian’s memory to be erased (Demnato Memoria)

58
Q

What were some of Domitian’s notable building projects in Rome?

A

Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus (rebuilt after two fires)

Temple of Jupiter the Guardian (reclaiming the Capitoline area)

Arch of Titus (commemorating Titus’ triumph over the Jews)

Stadium and Odeum of Domitian (now the site of Piazza Navona)

59
Q

What was the significance of the Arch of Titus?

A

The Arch of Titus was built after 81 CE to celebrate Titus’ triumph over the Jews

60
Q

What was the Stadium of Domitian used for?

A

The Stadium of Domitian was used for running games, rather than gladiatorial combat.

61
Q

What was a significant contrast in Domitian’s approach to building monuments compared to his father, Vespasian?

A

Domitian put his own name on monuments, even when they were built by someone else, such as in the case of the Arch of Titus.

62
Q

What is the significance of the Flavian Palace on the Palatine Hill?

A

The Flavian Palace was Domitian’s grand residence, located on the Palatine Hill, offering a commanding view of the Circus Maximus.

63
Q

How did Domitian’s Flavian Palace reflect his personality and reign?

A

The palace was overly elegant and decorated with polished marble, reflecting Domitian’s paranoia and need for constant surveillance.

64
Q

How was Domitian’s appearance described?

“He was tall in stature, modest in his expression, and prone to blushing. His eyes were
large, though his sight was not good. Indeed, especially in his youth he was attractive and
graceful in every particular, apart from his feet, for his toes were rather curled in. Later he
was further disfigured as he went bald and acquired a large stomach, while his legs grew
thin and weakened as a result of long illness.”

A
  • appearance deteriorated over time
  • bald, grew a stomach, weak legs
65
Q

How did Domitian’s reign end?

A

Domitian was assassinated in a plot orchestrated by his closest advisors, his wife, and friends.

He had made a list of people to assassinate, which ultimately led to his own betrayal and death.

CS2480 (12 decks)

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