Tiberius and Caligula

Question 1

What monuments did Augustus build to cement his legacy?

Answer 1

The Mausoleum of Augustus

Res Gestae

Ara Pacis

Forum of Augustus.

Question 2

Why was Augustus’ succession considered dynastic?

Answer 2

He was the first emperor to introduce dynastic succession, choosing successors from his family line.

Question 3

Who was the first person Augustus chose as his successor?

Answer 3

Gaius Claudius Marcellus Minor

MARCELLUS

Question 4

Why wasn’t Agrippa Postumus an acceptable heir?

Answer 4

Poor character

Question 5

Who was Augustus’ step grandson who was also considered a possible heir alongside Tiberius?

Answer 5

Germanicus

Question 6

What did Augustus demand Tiberius to do with Germanicus?

Answer 6

Adopt him

Question 7

What were Augustus’ thoughts on Tiberius as his heir?

Answer 7

Reluctant, as stated in his will

Question 8

Where did Augustus die?

Answer 8

Town called Nola, near Bay of Naples

Question 9

What were Augustus’ last public words?

Answer 9

“Since the play has been so good, clap
your hands and all of you dismiss us with applause”

Question 10

What were Augustus’ last words in private to his wife Livia?

What did his words imply?

Answer 10

“Live mine full of our marriage Livia, and farewell”

• May imply a concern with Augustus’s own image and legacy
• May imply that Livia should remain chaste and not remarry in order to avoid
  civil war

Question 11

Where was Tiberius born?

Answer 11

Palatine HIll

Question 12

Who was Tiberius married to?

Answer 12

Agrippina (eldest of 3 Agrippina)

Question 13

How did Tiberius appear?

Answer 13

• Big/Tall guy
• large amts of hair
• left handed
• big eyes

Question 14

What was Tiberius’s education before the throne?

Answer 14

• well educated
• studied Philosophy in Rhodes
• Preferred Astrology over Religion

Question 15

How did Livia ensure Tiberius’ rise to power?

Answer 15

Made sure Tiberius was present when Augustus died

• reported that she purposefully delayed announcing Augustus’ death until Tiberius
  arrived in order for him to take control of the household

Question 16

Did Tiberius have many competitors?

Answer 16

Most of his competitors were eliminated, making it difficult for anyone else to take the seat

Question 17

What was one of the first things Tiberius did for his succession?

Answer 17

Take oaths of loyalty from the imperial household,
councils, prefects, senate, and ultimately the people of Rome

To avoid arguments of succession taking palce

Question 18

What were the two aspects of Tiberius Succession that are important?

Answer 18

1. Apparent hesitancy with which Tiberius came into the position
   - waited for other ppl to insist that he take over
2. The other thing is his ruthless acquisition of power by ordering the assassination of
   Agrippa Postumus (Augustus’ grandchild with bad character)
   - Agrippa Postumus was unarmed and unaware when killed

Question 19

How did Augustus describe Tiberius’ nature?

“Alas for the wretched Roman people who will be at the mercy of such slow-grinding jaws.”
(Suet. 21)

Answer 19

Augustus was concerned that Tiberius had this suspicious and recluse character that he
was going to use to grind down the Roman people over a long period of time

Question 20

What was Tiberius’ early reputation as an emperor?

Answer 20

• seemed to have said all the right things
• not very generous with people

Question 21

What was Tiberius’ relationship with Germanicus?

Answer 21

Germanicus was Tiberius’ nephew and adopted son

• tension btwn the two
• Germanicus was very popular with the people in a way Tiberius never could be

Question 22

What were the accusations on how Germanicus died?

Answer 22

Killed by poison or magic

Nias Piso Patre (The Father) was convited of his murder

Question 23

Who was Lucius Aelius Sejanus?

Answer 23

Tiberius’ Praetorian Prefect

Question 24

What did Tiberius refer to Sejanus as?

Answer 24

Partner in toil

entrusted all this authority and influence to Sejanus who clearly hated Germanicus

Question 25

What crimes were Sejanus accused of?

Answer 25

Eliminating potential heirs, manipulating Tiberius, and political conspiracy.

Question 26

Why did Tiberius retreat to Island of Capri?

Answer 26

-tensions with Livia and Sejanus - shame over physical appearance he had a spindly and stooping loftiness, a summit denuded of hair, and an ulcerous face, generally patched with cosmetic medications. (Tac. Ann. 5.57.2)

Question 27

Why is physical appearance extremely important for emperors?

Answer 27

seen as “great leaders of the state”

Question 28

What happened when Tiberius arrived at Fidenae?

Answer 28

An amphitheater collapsed killing 20k ppl

Question 29

What happened after Tiberius' mother Livia died?

Answer 29

Left state in hands of Sejanus and neglected his duties

Question 30

What crimes was Tiberius accused of on Capri?

Answer 30

- Abuse children - Took advantage of women - Torture ppl

Question 31

How was Tiberius' home?

Answer 31

Far, isolated and quite lavish - place where he could not be watched or judged as opposed to Augustus - Had great opportunity to hide vices

Question 32

How was Augustus' home?

Answer 32

- public in rome, accessible - tried to rectify his vices as oppose to hide them

Question 33

How did Tiberius die?

Answer 33

- Died Ignominiously at Villa of Lu Calus - Allegedly smothered by pillow or poisoned, both of which on the orders of Emperor Caligula

Question 34

What were Tiberius' plan for succession?

Answer 34

- His son Drusus and adopted son Germanicus - both died - Germanicus by murder through magic or poison - Drusus poisoned by wife Lavilla and perhaps Sejanus - Moved to grandsons, sons of Germanicus - Nero and Drusus: nero exiled and commited suicide, drusus imprisioned and starved to death - Last two contenders: Caligula (Germanicus' son), Tiberius Gemella, Claudius (Germanicus)

Question 35

How did Claudius hide?

Answer 35

In plain sight by secluding himself as a scholar pretended to be dumb and stay out of public to avoid imperial succession after Caligula died, Claudius forced to be emperor anyways

Question 36

What was Tiberius's behavior viewed by the public?

Answer 36

Not great, he had a rep for being cruel and strict

Question 37

What do these quotes from Tiberius mean? “He committed many other cruel and savage acts beside these, ostensibly motivated by a concern for dignity and a wish to improve morals, but really because his nature was so inclined.” (Suet 59) “Let them hate me so long as they respect me.” (Suet 59)

Answer 37

Tiberius was clearly not concerned with his own public image, thus being portrayed as terrible

Question 38

What does this quote mean? The people were so delighted at his death that when they first heard the news some ran about shouting ‘into the Tiber with Tiberius!” while others prayed to mother earth and the shades that he should be given no place in the underworld except among the wicked, while others threatened the corpse with the hook and the Gemonian steps (steps coming down from the capitoline hill where convicted criminals after being strangled were thrown) . (Suet. Tib. 75)

Answer 38

Sejanus was actually thrown down the Gemonian steps after his execution

Question 39

Who was joint heir to the Roman Empire with Tiberius Gemellus?

Answer 39

Caligula

Question 40

Why did Caligula adopt Gemellus?

Answer 40

To steal power from him, not long after had him executed to ensure he was sole authority

Question 41

Why was Caligula's reign extremely promising?

Answer 41

Popular - One of Germanicus Sons, who was quite beloved by the Roman people

Question 42

Where did Caligula's popularity come from?

Answer 42

He was raised from an army bc Germanicus (father) was a general His name is Latin for "Little Boot'"

Question 43

Who is this quote about? He was very tall and extremely pale, with an unshapely body, but very thin neck and legs. His eyes and temples were hollow, his forehead broad and grim, his hair thin and entirely gone on the top of his head, though his body was hairy. Because of this, to look upon him from a higher place as he passed by, or for any reason whatever to mention a goat, was treated as a capital offence. While his face was naturally forbidding and ugly, he purposely made it even more savage, practicing all kinds of terrible and fearsome expressions before a mirror.

Answer 43

Caligula

Question 44

Who is this quote about? He was sound neither of body nor mind. As a boy he was troubled with the falling sickness (probably epilepsy), and while in his youth he had some endurance, yet at times because of sudden faintness he was hardly able to walk, to stand up, to collect his thoughts, or to hold up his head. He himself realized his mental infirmity, and thought at times of going into retirement and clearing his brain. It is thought that his wife Caesonia gave him a drug intended for a love potion, which however had the effect of driving him mad. (Suet. 50)

Answer 44

Caligula Demonstrated he was not fit to be emperor

Question 45

What reforms did Caligula initially introduce?

Answer 45

- Recalling exiles - halving taxes - restoring senatorial authority. - gave gifts - personally sponsored feeds and games

Question 46

Which projects did Caligula continue?

Answer 46

- Temple of Augustus - Roman Forum - renovated Theatre of Pompeii

Question 47

What did Caligula begin constructing?

Answer 47

Aqua Claudia

Question 48

How did Caligula's behavior change during his reign?

Answer 48

- sexual violence (incest w sisters) - replaced heads of gods on statues with his own head - insisted he be worshipped like a god - wore a crown, dressed like god, even sometimes a woman - financial exploitation - created new taxes - neglectful of army (no miliary success of his own) - threatened to attack Britain to take over, got scared and ordered his men to collect sea shells from the beach

Question 49

How was Caligula's misbehavior embodied by analyzing his home? “He (Caligula) extended a part of the palace right into the forum, taking over the temple of Castor and Pollux as his own vestibule... Finally, however, he was won over by [Capitoline Jupiter], he claimed, and persuaded to share his (Jupiter’s) home. He had a bridge built right over the temple of the Deified Augustus, joining the Palatine to the Capital. Soon, in order that he might be still closer, he had foundations laid for a new house in the Capitoline temple precinct.” (Suet. 22)

Answer 49

Build bridge connect the palace, going over the Temple of Divine Augustus to the Capitoline Hill - The Capitoline was the seat of religion in Rome, his desire to build a palace on it demonstrates his desire to act and to be treated like a god

Question 50

What was the location where Caligula built two ships?

Answer 50

Lake Nemi

Question 51

Why did Caligula build two ships?

Answer 51

to cruise around his lake

Question 52

What happened to Caligula's ships?

Answer 52

Sank bc of natural disaster (earthquake or storm)

Question 53

What were the two stories about Caligula's death?

Answer 53

1. Throat slit by Chaerea, a Praetorian guard, who served with Caligula’s father and hated him 2. Imperial guard jumped him both Cornelius Sabinus was invovled Unsure which is true, Caligula definitely killed by some conspiracy in the imperial household

Question 54

After the death of Caligula who was succeeded him?

Answer 54

No clear heir to imperial throne.