Vertebrate Diversity, Metabolism and Movement (Wk 3)

Question 1

What is the difference between a craniate and a vertebrate ?

Answer 1

A vertebrates has paired fins but craniates do not.

Vertebrates have jaws but craniates do not.

Question 2

What are some features for a craniate ?

Answer 2

They have a distinct head that has a well developed brain and a skull and do not contain a backbone.

Question 2

What are some features of a veterbrate ?

Answer 2

They have jaws, a vertebral column, paired fins and a myelinated nerves (which are nerves that are sheathed with other cells to aid in faster nerve signals)

Question 2

In the vertebrates proper, Jawed Fish (Chondrichthyes class) what are some features?

Answer 2

They are jawed fish with cartilage, instead of having a backbone. These would be your rays and sharks. They also have teeth that are not fused with the jaw.

Question 3

In the class Actinopterygii what are some features that stand out ?

Answer 3

Organisms in the class have evolved from fused teeth to true teeth, and possess a skeleton.

Question 4

What is the difference between the class Sarcopterygii and Actinopterygii ?

Answer 4

Sarcopterygii have fleshy fins whereas the Actinopterygii are known as ray finned fish where their fins are bony.

Question 5

What are the traditional first 4 classes of tetrapods ?

Answer 5

1. Class amphibia
2. Class Reptilia
3. Class aves (birds)
4. Class Mammalia

Question 6

What are some features of amphibians?

Answer 6

• Most of them require water to reproduce
• They have indirect development.
• Most of the larvae have gills and are fully aquatic.
• Adults show reliance on their skin waste secretion and gas exchange.

Question 7

What are some features of an amniote ?

Answer 7

Some reptiles, birds and mammals are amniotes.

• Amniotes are tetrapods that have a amniotic egg
• They have direct development
• water resistant skin making them suitable to live on land.

Question 8

What are some Skull differences in amniote skulls ?

Answer 8

1) Anapsid skull (Contain no holes in the skull)
- only holes present are the nostrils and the orbit.

2) Diapsid Skull (contain 2 holes in the skull)
- The 2 holes found in the skull are for muscles to be attached there for bulging when jaw muscle contracts.

3) Synapsid Skull (the 2 holes that was once there merge together to form one hole)

Question 9

What are some features of Mammals ?

Answer 9

Mammals have hair and mammary glands and endothermic

Question 10

What are the 2 subclasses of mammals ?

Answer 10

Protheria (lay eggs)

Theria (placenta)
(this class is then divided into another 2 classes)
- Metatheria –> born at a earlier stage, with a placenta that includes a yolk sac
- Eutheria –> this class of Theria loses the yolk totally and the embryonic membrane merge together to form the true placenta.

Question 11

What is the definition of cell metabolism ?

Answer 11

It is the use of energy and breakdown and synthesis of organic molecules.

Question 12

Why are vertebrates important?

Answer 12

They are diversed feeders (parasitic, predators, suspension feeders, grazers)

They provide ecosystem services (food source, pollination apex predators)

Ecosystem engineers (beavers)

Question 13

What are some factors that will affect metabolism ?

Answer 13

body mass
activity level
phylogeny
ambient temperature
Presence of oxygen

Question 14

How many Kilijoules worth of energy is from one ATP ?

Answer 14

22 kJ/ mole

Question 15

What is aerobic metabolism?

Answer 15

It is metabolism with the presence of oxygen.
It is also produces more useful energy compared to anerobic metabolism.

Question 15

What is anaerobic metabolism ?

Answer 15

It is metabolism when there is no oxygen present.

Question 16

Where did O2 come from ?

Answer 16

There was no O2 in the atmosphere at first, O2 was first produced by a photosynthetic bacteria which was anerobic.

Question 17

What are some things that can be measured when calculating metabolism?

Answer 17

1) heat production
2) oxygen concentration
3) carbon dioxide production
4) energy (in and out)
5) Substrate utilisation
6) Metabolic waste production

Question 17

What are some things that determine metabolic rate ?

Answer 17

1) Activity level
2) Body mass
body mass and metabolic rate does not
have a exponential relationship.
(In theory yes but not exactly)
=> metabolic mass decrease as body mass increases

3) Cellular Grade
metabolic rate varies on phylogeny and varies differently in 3 large group of animals
- warm blooded
- cold blooded
- unicellular

4) Temperature
chemical reactions are (exponentially) faster at higher temperature.

Question 18

What are the different form of activities of metabolism.

Answer 18

1) running/ walking
2) swimming
3) flying

Question 19

Which is the fastest locomotion ?

Answer 19

1) Flying
2) Running
3) Swimming

Question 20

What is special about macropods (marsupials) locomotion ?

Answer 20

The faster they go, the won’t use as much energy as they have evolved to store energy in their tendons. As compared to other tetrapods, as they go faster, the require more energy.

Question 21

what are the different methods of swimming ?

Answer 21

Jet propulsion
Drag from limbs (fins)
Using Hydrofoil (wings) => turtles and penguins

Question 22

What is the most economical way (use of energy) of transport within the 3 groups?

Answer 22

1. Swimming
2. flying
3. Running