Evolution and Classification (Wk1) Flashcards
What are the Parts of a Phylogeny Tree ?
Tips -> A Single terminal brunch involving an individual
Internode -> Indicates a inferred common ancestor
Root -> Common ancestor of all tips in phylogeny
What are the 6 kingdoms
Protista, Fungi, Archaea, Bacteria, Plantae, Animalia
What is the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote ?
A prokaryote is an organism that lacks a membrane
A eukaryote are organism that have membrane bound nucleus
Which Phyla are Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic: Fungi, Plantae, Animalia, Protista
Prokaryotic: Bacteria and Archaea
Which Phyla are categorised under Unicellular and Multicellular ?
Unicellular: Protista, Archaea, Bacteria
Multicellular: Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Which Phyla has complex internal organs ?
Animalia, Plantae
What is the definition of autotrophic and heterotrophic? and what are the Phyla categorized under Autotrophic and Heterotrophic?
Autotrophic is where an organism able to making their own food and the kingdom thats autotroph would be plantae
Heterotrophic is where an organism is not able of making their own food and must obtain food from other organisms. Examples are Kingdom Animalia and Fungi.
What are 2 (in no specific order) are some major transitions in evolutionary history?
The first Eukaryotic cells and the first multicellular organism.
What are the Key events in Evolutionary History ?
1) Origin of self replicating molecules capable of heredity
2) Transition of RNA to DNA and Proteins
3) The first cells
4) The first eukaryotic cells
5) The first Sexual Reproduction
6) The first Multicellular organism
7) Complexity in Multicellular Organism
8) Individuality and gametes
9) Sociality (living in groups)
10) Eusociality (Complex societies)
What is endosymbiosis ?
Endosymbiosis is where an independent bacteria species resides in a cell. The smaller cell would help to produce food and energy and the larger cell will provide protection. which eventually became an obligate relationship.
the mitochondria of the cell begin to merge with a chloroplast.
What are the ancestors to plants ?
Ancient protozoan with mitochondria and chloroplasts.
presence of ancient cyanobacteria
What are the ancestors to fungi and animals ?
The cells contained ancient protozoan with mitochondria.
How do Multicellular Organisms arise ?
- Staying together (colonial cells don’t separate after replication, this can be due to a mutation)
- Coming together (Free living cells come together)
What are the 9 Phylas in Animalia ?
Chordata, Echinodermata, Porifera, Cnidarians, Annelida, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Arthropoda, Mollusca
What are the key traits to look out for when differentiating phyla ?
1) cleavage pattern
2) symmetry
3) tissue layer
4) body cavities
5) segmentation
What are the type of tissue layers ?
Monoblastic, diploblastic, Triploblastic
What are the types of Cleavage patterns ?
and what are their meanings ?
Protostomes. Are organisms that develop the mouth as their first embryonic opening.
Example would be Mollusc and Annelids.
Deuterostomes. Are organisms that develop the anus as their first embryonic opening.
Example would be Chordata and Echinodermata.
What are the types of body cavities ?
1) Coelomate (cavity within the mesoderm)
2) Pseudocoelomate (cavity between the endoderm and the mesoderm)
3) Acoelomate (no cavity)
What is Diffusion ?
Diffusion is the movement of a solute from high concentration to low concentration until chemical equilibrium is reached
What is a way an organism can increase the surface area for diffusion ?
The organism can create folds in their body to increase the surface area.
Which Phyla do not have a coelom ?
Porifera, Platyhelminthes, cnidarians
What are the few ways an organism can increase the rate of diffusion ?
1) Creating folds
2) Flattening body
3) Coelom (body cavity, increases proximity to fluid reservoir)
What is the function of a Coelom ?
A coelom can act as a hydrostatic skeleton, it acts as a buffer for internal organs, acts as a storage for nutrients and wastes and can aid in decreasing the distance for diffusion.
What is the purpose for transport systems ?
Transport systems aid in the movement of fluids in the body to reduce the distance for diffusion.
There are 4 transport systems, 1) Digestive, 2) Respiratory, 3) Circulatory, 4) Excretory
What kind of gut does a porifera have ?
Porifera’s have no Gut, but they create water currents to maximise feeding.
Which Phylas have a straight through gut ?
Mollusca, Annelids, Chordata, Arthropods, Nematoda,
What kind of guts do the Platyhelminthes and Cnidarians have ?
They have a blind ended gut. Which only has one opening.
What kind of guts do Echinoderms have?
Their guts differ depending on their diet, they have a simple system, however their stomachs are able to be evert out for external digestion.
What are the special features of a Platyhelminthes excretory system ?
They possess specialised cells known as flame cells, which are excretory cells that function similarly to kidneys, by removing waste materials through filtration.
What is the excretory system of the nematode phyla.
They have a simple channel.
How do echinoderms excrete waste?
They excrete waste through their tube feet and coelom
What is the excretory features of a Chordate?
Most chordates have kidneys,
What is the special feature of the excretory system for Annelids and Mollusca phyla ?
They have nephridiopores leading from the coelom to the exterior. Pores that connect from the kidneys to the external skin to excrete metabolic waste and fluid.
What are the Phyla that exchange gas through diffusion?
Porifera, Cnidarians, Platyhelminthes, Echinodermata, Annelids, Nematodes
What are the Phyla that breathe through gills/ Lungs ?
Some Annelids, Mollusc, Chordates, Arthropods.
What kind of Circulatory systems do porifera and cnidarians have?
They have no specific Circulatory systems
What is the type of Circulatory system Nematodes and echinoderms have ?
They use coelomates/ body cavities
Mollusc and arthropods have what kind of Circulatory system?
they have a open blood system and a simple heart.
what other type of Circulatory systems do Echinoderms have ?
They have a fine hydrostatic skeleton that works for circulating fluid.
What kind of circulatory system do annelids have ?
Annelids have a close blood system, with pumps.
What is the circulatory system of a chordate ?
most chordates have a closed system and usually a muscular heart. however some organisms differ such as the tunicate.
