Plant Structure and anatomy

Question 1

What is the function of chlorenchyma ?

Answer 1

Chlorenchyma can be segregated into 2 parts which is the palisade mesophyll which help in photosynthetic process and the mesophyll cells which help with gas exchange

Question 2

What is collechyma?

Answer 2

Collenchyma are cells that primary thicken at the corners to help provide structure for the cell.

Question 3

What is the function of the cuticle ?

Answer 3

The cuticle is a waxy outer layer found on the surface of the leave, to help reduce water loss and act as a protective barrier

Question 4

What are C3 plants ?

Answer 4

C3 plants make a 3 carbon compound and this reaction takes place in the mesophyll cells. There is intercellular space present and the chloroplast is found in the mesophyll. The bundle sheath cells are typically not well developed without distinct chloroplasts.
stomata’s are often distributed on the top and the bottom of the leave

Question 5

What are C4 plants ?

Answer 5

C4 plants make 4 carbon as a product, which takes place in the mesophyll cells first and is then moved to the bundle sheath cells, where the calvin cycle occurs which is more efficient compared to C3 Photosynthesis.
Due to this there is a more distinct bundle sheath cells that surround the vascular bundle and have numerous chloroplasts.
Stomata distribution is more toward the underside of the leave to minimise water lost.

Question 6

What are bulliform cells ?

Answer 6

Bulliform cells are only found in monocot C3 & C4 plants. Their large bubble like epidermal cells found on the top side of the plant surface. Their main function is water storage.

Question 7

What are some features of an aquatic plant?

Answer 7

Aquatic plant cells have aerenchyma found in them, which are air sacs that are found in the cell.
They also have chloroplasts cells that are found on the abaxial and the adaxial side of the plant to enable the plant to absorb as much sunlight as possible.
Some Aquatic plants also have stomatas found on the top side of the leaf.

Question 8

What type of cells in C4 plants do chlorophyll exists in ?

Answer 8

Bundle sheath cells.

Question 9

What type of cells in C3 plants do chlorophyll exist in ?

Answer 9

The chlorenchyma cells in the mesophyll.

Question 10

What are some key differences in monocots and dicots ?

Answer 10

Monocots have a parallel leaf venation whereas Dicots have a net venation.

Vascular bundle arrangement, Dicots have a radial pattern whereas monocots have no distinct arrangement.
vascular bundles for dicots usually have a cambium in between the xylem and the phloem and this differs from the monocot bundles.

For stomate distribution in monocots, there is usually no fixed distribution and they can be found on the top and on the bottom part of the leaf, whereas for dicots, stomate distribution can usually be found on the bottom part of the leaf to reduce water loss.

Monocots do not have clear distinguishable bundle sheaths whereas for dicots there is well defined bundle sheath cells.

Question 11

What is the definition of the pericycle and endodermis ?

Answer 11

They are cells that are found around the central vascular cylinder.

Question 12

What is the endodermis ?

Answer 12

The endodermis is the inner most layer of the cortex, the cells of the endodermis contains the Casparian strip in the cell walls.

Question 13

What is the pericycle?

Answer 13

The pericycle is a layer of cells that surround the the vascular cylinder where the site of initiation of lateral roots.

Question 14

What is the difference between protoxylem and metaxylem ?

Answer 14

Protoxylem are the primary xylems that first develop in young plants, they are usually smaller cells and narrower vessels. The metaxylem are usually larger and thick walled cells. The metaxylems are closest towards the center.

Question 15

what is the difference between the root cells of a monocot and a dicot?

Answer 15

The presence of the a pith in the monocot root is more circular but, in a dicot the pith is more axial in shape.
The vascular bundles are more organised in a dicot root as compared to a monocot.

Question 16

What are rhizomes?

Answer 16

Rhizomes are not roots their are specialised stems which grows horizontally and puts out lateral shoots and adventitious roots at intervals.

Question 17

What Symbiosis is found in legumes, and how does this relationship function?

Answer 17

The symbiosis relationship that the legumes have is with a bacteria known as the rhizobium which helps the plant fix nitrogen. The benefit that the bacteria obtains from the plant would be a place to be housed.

Question 18

What would the rhizobium bacteria look like?

Answer 18

When the nodules are cut it would be visibly pink.

Question 19

What are coralloid roots?

Answer 19

Coralloid roots arise on the lateral roots of cycads. They usually grow just above the soil. They symbiotic relationship that it has, aids the plant to fix nitrogen.

Question 20

What are cluster roots ?

Answer 20

The cluster roots in the proteaceae family are closely located rootlets found in massive numbers that aid the plant in nutrient absorption by producing large amount of root exudates.

Question 21

What consists in the carpel?

Answer 21

The Carpel is the female reproductive organ, which consists of the stigma, the style and the ovary.

Question 22

What consists of the Androecium?

Answer 22

The Androecium is the male reproductive part of the flower, which is the stamen. The part that holds up the anther is known as the filament.

Question 23

How does a pollen fertilise a flower?

Answer 23

The pollen when in contact with the surface of the stigma was would create a pollen tube down to the ovules in the ovary.

The pollen tube then transfers the male gametophyte so that the embryo contains 1 set of the parents genes.

Question 24

What are sepals?

Answer 24

Sepals are the outmost and lowest floral organ which are usually green and leaf like. The function of the sepals enclose the other organs of the flower when it is still a bud and protects them before they are fully developed.