Respiration and circulation (WK 4)

Question 1

What are the 2 main ways that gases move around ?

Answer 1

1. Diffusion
2. Convection

Question 2

What is the definition of diffusion ?

Answer 2

Diffusion is the exchange of gases by random thermal motion of molecules in air. Diffusion is also not active transport.

(higher the temperature, increased rate of particles, increased rate of diffusion)

Question 3

What is the oxygen cascade ?

Answer 3

It is 2 processes of diffusion and 2 processes of of convection to get air into the mitochondria.

Question 3

What are some factor that affect the rate of diffusion ?

Answer 3

• Partial pressure difference (High concentration on 1 side)
• surface area (larger surface = faster rate of diffusion)
• Distance the molecule has to travel (shorter the distance the faster the rate of diffusion)

Question 4

What are some features of convection

Answer 4

Convection is the exchange of gases by active transport.

Question 5

What is allometry ?

Answer 5

Is the understanding of the chemistry and the physics of the body with the change of body size.

Question 6

What is the respiratory system of Insect ?

Answer 6

they have a trachea & rigid breathing tubes

Question 7

What is the surface respiratory system of aquatic animals ?

Answer 7

they have evaginated gills (exposed environment is already wet)
often times protected by rigid coverings

Question 8

What is the surface respiratory system for air breathing animals ?

Answer 8

they have a complex circulatory system, using the lung and transferring o2 by blood. Invaginated lung (preventing water lost to the environment)

Question 9

What is the purpose of gill lamellae?

Answer 9

Gill Lamellae is to increase the surface area of the gill to aid in the increase rate of diffusion

Question 10

What are counter current systems ?

Answer 10

It is where it talks about the completeness of the rate of diffusion, where the longer a surface is intact with o2 the more complete the rate of diffusion there will be.

Question 11

What is concurrent exchange?

Answer 11

It is where the flow of o2 goes with the flow of blood, and the O2 levels will be higher at the start then finding an equilibrium at 50% of the way.

Question 12

What is the difference between buccal pumping and body wall muscle compression?

Answer 12

Buccal pumping is essentially where an organism swallows air.

whereas body wall compression is where the muscle can be squeezed to push air out and relaxed and elongated to pull air in.

Question 13

What kind of respiratory systems do birds have ?

Answer 13

They have the most complexed system, where their lungs have become solid and contain exterior air sacs. They have counter flow like system, which makes it more efficient compared to mammals and reptiles.

Question 14

what is a solution ?

Answer 14

A solution is a solvent plus solute

Question 15

What is osmosis ?

Answer 15

Osmosis is how water moves as a consequence to what is dissolved in it.

Question 16

what is osmo-conforming ?

Answer 16

is where a solute composition of extracellular fluid is the same as ambient medium, even if it changes (organism increases/ changes ions in the blood to match the external environment)

Question 17

what is osmo-regulating ?

Answer 17

Osmo-regulating is where the solute composition of extracellular fluid is different from the ambient medium especially if it changes (Organisms with salt pumps to regulate the concentration of ions internally)

Question 18

What are some organisms from the Osmo-conform and Iono-conform

Answer 18

Hag fish and generally most marine invertebrates.

Question 18

What are some organisms that are in the osmo-conform and Iono-regulate category ?

Answer 18

Sharks, rays and one species of crab eating frogs.

they utilises urea to maintain the ion levels in the body

Question 19

What type of circulatory system do amphibians have ?

Answer 19

they have 2 circuits and 1 pumps.

Question 20

What are the special features of a bony fish as they regulate salt levels?

Answer 20

They go through 2 processes, active and passive.

passive process is when the lose water through the gills by osmosis and they gain ions by diffusion

active regulation is when the drink the water, and pumps the ions into the kidneys and gills to maintain the low salt level in the blood.

Question 21

what kind of circulatory system do fishes have ?

Answer 21

They have a simple circulatory system with a single pump and single circuit.

Question 22

What kind of Circulatory system does a reptile have?

Answer 22

they have a single pump and a double circuit. they have a more simple system compared to amphibians as they do not breathe through their skin anymore and they have a greater separation in their ventricle.

Question 23

What kind of circulatory system do crocodilians have ?

Answer 23

they have evolved to having a double pump and double circuit system.

Question 24

What kind of circulatory system do mammals have ?

Answer 24

They have a complex system, having a double pump and double circuit system.

Question 25

What is the difference in blood pressure between fishes and tetrapods ?

Answer 25

fishes only have capillaries and no other transport systems, this results in lower blood pressure throughout the body as it brings blood and oxygen to the necessary parts.

in tetrapods, since they have capillaries, veins and arteries, they circulatory system is more complexed enabling the organism to maintain high blood pressure throughout the body.

Thus, Tetrapods tend to have higher blood pressure compared to fishes.