Vertebral Column III Flashcards

1
Q

what is the primary cause of thoracic kyphosis?

A

bc of the wedge shaped vertebrae

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2
Q

what limits the following movements in the thoracic region: overall movement, tilt, flexion + extension?

A
  • presence of rib cage reduces overall movement
  • intervertebral disc doesn’t facilitate movement bc it isn’t very high (so superior vertebrae cannot tilt as much)
  • tall, coronal superior articular processes limit flexion + extension
  • long, inferior sloping spinous processes limit extension
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3
Q

describe the coupling movements in the thoracic region for upper thoracic and mid + lower thoracic?

A

upper thoracic: lateral flexion + rotation ipsilateral coupling- when the inferior articular process of the superior vertebrae slides inferiorly it also moves posteriorly (like mid and lower Csp)
mid + lower thoracic: variable (varies amongst the vertebrae)

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4
Q

describe the 5 points of lumbar lordosis

A
  1. sacrum is tilted anteriorly
  2. L5/S1 IV disc is wedge shaped (taller anteriorly)
  3. L5 vertebrae similarly wedge shaped
  4. superior vertebrae incline slightly backwards
  5. L1 aligned vertically over S1
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5
Q

what are the attachments of the iliolumbar ligament?

A

transverse process of L5 to ilium

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6
Q

what does the iliolumbar ligament resist?

A

resists L5 slipping anteriorly off the sacrum; resists all directions of movements of L5 on the sacrum

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7
Q

what are the passive and active structures that stabilise L5 and S1 articulation?

A

z joint, overlapping of the articular processes, iliolumbar ligament, longitudinal ligament, intervertebral disc, muscles

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8
Q

in the lumbar vertebral column, what is flexion limited by?

A
  • impaction of anterior articular processes (main restraint)
  • tension in z joint capsule, supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum, posterior annulus fibrosus
  • compression in anterior annulus fibrosus
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9
Q

in the lumbar vertebral column, what is extension limited by?

A

(all equally contribute)

  • compression of interspinous ligament
  • impaction of spinous processes or inferior articular process with lamina below
  • tension in anterior annulus fibrosus
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10
Q

in the lumbar vertebral column, what is axial rotation limited by?

A
  • impaction of z joint
  • tension in posterior ligaments
  • tension in annulus fibrosus
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11
Q

what does repetitive hyperextension produce?

A

pars interarticularis

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12
Q

what is spondylolysis?

A

defect in the pars interarticularis

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13
Q

what is spondylolisthesis?

A

forward translation of the superior vertebrae on the inferior vertebrae

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14
Q

what is scoliosis?

A

3D torsional deformity of the spine and trunk: lateral curvature + axial rotation + disturbance of sagittal curves

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15
Q

what is the intrinsic back muscles innervated by?

A

dorsal rami

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16
Q

what muscles are in the suboccipital group?

A

rectus capitis posterior minor, rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior

17
Q

what muscles are in the segmental group?

A

interspinales, intertransversales

18
Q

what muscles are in the transversospinales group?

A

spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis

19
Q

what muscle is in the spinotransverse group?

A

splenius

20
Q

describe the PSCA, moment arm and force production of the segmental muscles?

A

small PCSA, small moment arms= small force production

21
Q

describe the actions of the lumbar multifidus from a lateral view and posterior view

A

lateral view- vertical line of action + posterior position to axis = posterior sagittal rotation -> lumbar extension and maintains the lumbar lordosis
posterior view- small horizontal component that could assist rotation (in Tx) but you have external oblique abdominals, minimal segmental rotation in lumbar region

22
Q

describe the unilateral and bilateral action of the longissimus thoracis pars thoracis & iliocostalis lumborum pars thoracis

A

unilateral action- ipsilateral lateral flexion

bilateral action- extension

23
Q

describe the line of action, PCSA and moment of longissimus thoracis pars thoracis & iliocostalis lumborum pars thoracis

A

vertical line of action, large PCSA, larger posterior moment arm (most powerful extensors of the lumbar spine)

24
Q

describe the unilateral and bilateral action of the longissimus thoracis pars lumborum & iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum

A

unilateral action- vertical line of action lateral to the axis= lateral flexor
bilateral action- vertical line of action posterior to the axis (posterior sagittal rotation i.e. extension); horizontal line of action (+ simultaneous posterior sheer- or resit anterior sheer)

25
Q

describe the anterior & posterior shear forces on the lumbar spine

A

when lumbar spine flexes, the superior body weight exerts compressive and anterior shear force on the intervertebral joints. Mechanisms to stabilise the motion segment: zygapophyseal joints/articular processes, intervertebral disc, ligaments, muscles

26
Q

what does the medial branch of the dorsal rami innervate?

A

zygapophysial joints above + below, all muscles arising from spinous process/lamina of the vertebrae = interspinales, rotatores, multifidus and semispinalis (+ cutaneous branch in Cx and upper Tx)

27
Q

what does the intermediate branch of the dorsal rami innervate?

A

longissimus

28
Q

what does the lateral branch of the dorsal rami innervate?

A

erectore spinae + cutaneous branch in lower Tx and Lx