Vertebral Column III Flashcards
what is the primary cause of thoracic kyphosis?
bc of the wedge shaped vertebrae
what limits the following movements in the thoracic region: overall movement, tilt, flexion + extension?
- presence of rib cage reduces overall movement
- intervertebral disc doesn’t facilitate movement bc it isn’t very high (so superior vertebrae cannot tilt as much)
- tall, coronal superior articular processes limit flexion + extension
- long, inferior sloping spinous processes limit extension
describe the coupling movements in the thoracic region for upper thoracic and mid + lower thoracic?
upper thoracic: lateral flexion + rotation ipsilateral coupling- when the inferior articular process of the superior vertebrae slides inferiorly it also moves posteriorly (like mid and lower Csp)
mid + lower thoracic: variable (varies amongst the vertebrae)
describe the 5 points of lumbar lordosis
- sacrum is tilted anteriorly
- L5/S1 IV disc is wedge shaped (taller anteriorly)
- L5 vertebrae similarly wedge shaped
- superior vertebrae incline slightly backwards
- L1 aligned vertically over S1
what are the attachments of the iliolumbar ligament?
transverse process of L5 to ilium
what does the iliolumbar ligament resist?
resists L5 slipping anteriorly off the sacrum; resists all directions of movements of L5 on the sacrum
what are the passive and active structures that stabilise L5 and S1 articulation?
z joint, overlapping of the articular processes, iliolumbar ligament, longitudinal ligament, intervertebral disc, muscles
in the lumbar vertebral column, what is flexion limited by?
- impaction of anterior articular processes (main restraint)
- tension in z joint capsule, supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum, posterior annulus fibrosus
- compression in anterior annulus fibrosus
in the lumbar vertebral column, what is extension limited by?
(all equally contribute)
- compression of interspinous ligament
- impaction of spinous processes or inferior articular process with lamina below
- tension in anterior annulus fibrosus
in the lumbar vertebral column, what is axial rotation limited by?
- impaction of z joint
- tension in posterior ligaments
- tension in annulus fibrosus
what does repetitive hyperextension produce?
pars interarticularis
what is spondylolysis?
defect in the pars interarticularis
what is spondylolisthesis?
forward translation of the superior vertebrae on the inferior vertebrae
what is scoliosis?
3D torsional deformity of the spine and trunk: lateral curvature + axial rotation + disturbance of sagittal curves
what is the intrinsic back muscles innervated by?
dorsal rami