Arm, Elbow and Forearm

Question 1

What is valgus deviation?

Answer 1

lateral deviation of distal segment relative to proximal segment (in the coronal plane)

Question 2

What is varus deviation?

Answer 2

medial deviation of distal segment relative to proximal segment (in the coronal plane)

Question 3

What are the 3 joints of the elbow complex?

Answer 3

humeroulnar joint, humeroradial joint, proximal radioulnar joint

Question 4

Structural classification of humeroulnar joint?

Answer 4

synovial hinge

Question 5

Movements of humeroulnar joint?

Answer 5

flexion, extension

Question 6

Structural classification of humeroradial joint?

Answer 6

synovial hinge

Question 7

Movements of humeroradial joint?

Answer 7

flexion, extension

Question 8

Structural classification of proximal radioulnar joint?

Answer 8

synovial pivot

Question 9

Movements of proximal radioulnar joint?

Answer 9

supination, pronation

Question 10

What are the 2 joints in forearm pronation-supination?

Answer 10

proximal radioulnar, distal radioulnar

Question 11

Structural classification of distal radioulnar joint?

Answer 11

synovial plane

Question 12

What does the medial collateral ligament resist?

Answer 12

valgus force

Question 13

What does the lateral collateral ligament complex consist of?

Answer 13

radial collateral ligament, lateral ulnar collateral ligament and annular ligament

Question 14

What does the radial collateral ligament resist?

Answer 14

varus and posterolateral instability

Question 15

What does the lateral ulnar collateral ligament resist?

Answer 15

varus and posterolateral instability

Question 16

What does the annular ligament resist?

Answer 16

lateral and distal sublaxation of the radial head

Question 17

What does the articular capsule resist?

Answer 17

minimal (lax), may resist valgus in extension

Question 18

What does the oblique cord resist?

Answer 18

end range supination

Question 19

What does the interrosseous membrane resist?

Answer 19

seperation of radius/ulna

Question 20

What are the 5 roles of the interrosseous membrane?

Answer 20

1) attachment site for muscles 2) hinge for forearm rotation 3) limit seperation of the radius and ulna 4) stabilise proximal and distal radioulnar joints 5) distribute load from radius to ulna in the proximal forearm

Question 21

What are the attachments of the anterior, posterior and transverse band of the medial collateral ligament?

Answer 21

anterior band= medial epicondyle-coronoid process
posterior band=medial epicondyle-olecranon process
transverse band= coronoid process-olecranon process

Question 22

What are the attachments of the radial collateral ligament?

Answer 22

lateral epicondyle-annular ligament

Question 23

what are the attachments of the lateral ulnar collateral ligament?

Answer 23

lateral epicondyle-supinator crest of ulna

Question 24

what are the attachments of the annular ligament?

Answer 24

anterior and posterior margins of the radial notch

Question 25

what are the attachments of the oblique cord?

Answer 25

ulnar tuberosity to radius distal to tuberosity

Question 26

What is an apophysis?

Answer 26

An apophysis is also a secondary ossification centre thought it does not contribute to an increase in length of the bone

Question 27

When is the elbow joint capsule at most ‘lax’?

Answer 27

80 degrees

Question 28

What is the articulation in the humeroulnar joint?

Answer 28

The trochlea of the humerus and the trochlea notch of the ulnar

Question 29

What is the structural classification of the humeroulnar joint?

Answer 29

Synovial hinge joint

Question 30

What movements does the humeroulnar joint do?

Answer 30

flexion and extension

Question 31

What is the articulation at the radiohumeral joint?

Answer 31

Capitulum of the humerus and the head of the radius articulate

Question 32

What is the structural classification of the radiohumeral joint?

Answer 32

synovial hinge joint

Question 33

What movements does the radiohumeral joint do?

Answer 33

Flexion and extension

Question 34

What is the articulation the proximal radioulnar joint?

Answer 34

Radial notch of the ulnar and the head of the radius articulate

Question 35

What is the structural classification of the proximal radioulnar joint?

Answer 35

Synovial pivot joint

Question 36

What movements doe the proximal radioulnar joint do?

Answer 36

Supination and pronation

Question 37

when is the interosseous membrane in full lax?

Answer 37

pronation

Question 38

when is the greatest load transmission in the interosseous membrane?

Answer 38

in neutral 60 degrees supination