Shoulder Region I

Question 1

What does the shoulder region consist of?

Answer 1

clavicle, scapula, proximal humerus (also sternum and thoracic cage)

Question 2

List the movements at the clavicle.

Answer 2

elevation and depression (around an anteroposterior axis), protraction and retraction (around a vertical axis) and posterior and anterior rotation (around a mediolateral axis)

Question 3

How does the clavicle develop?

Answer 3

the clavicle develops via both intramembranous and endochondral ossification

Question 4

What type of bone is the clavicle?

Answer 4

Long Bone

Question 5

List the movements at the scapula.

Answer 5

upward rotation, downward rotation, anterior tilt, posterior tilt, internal rotation, external rotation

Question 6

What is the scapular plane?

Answer 6

30-45 degrees from the frontal plane

Question 7

What are the three joints of the shoulder region?

Answer 7

sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, glenohumeral

Question 8

What is the structural and functional classification of the sternoclavicular joint?

Answer 8

synovial saddle, biaxial diarthrosis

Question 9

List the passive structures that stabilise/restrict the SCJ

Answer 9

anterior sternoclavicular ligament, posterior sternoclavicular ligament, intra-articular disc, interclavicular ligament, costoclavicular ligament

Question 10

What does the anterior sternoclavicular ligament restrict?

Answer 10

retraction of medial end of the clavicle

Question 11

What does the posterior sternoclavicular ligament restrict?

Answer 11

protraction of medial end of the clavicle

Question 12

What does the interclavicular ligament restrict?

Answer 12

lateral displacement of medial end of the clavicle

Question 13

What does the intra-articular disc restrict?

Answer 13

medial displacement of medial end of the clavicle

Question 14

What does the costoclavicular restrict?

Answer 14

restricts everything apart from inferior displacement

Question 15

Why are SCJ dislocations uncommon?

Answer 15

bc SCJ is well stabilised, lots of ligaments surround it

Question 16

What is the structural classification of the acromioclavicular joint?

Answer 16

synovial plane joint

Question 17

What are the ligaments that are associated with the ACJ?

Answer 17

superior and inferior acromioclavicular ligament, trapezoid ligament, conoid ligament, coracoacromial ligament

Question 18

What does the superior and inferior acromioclavicular ligament restrict?

Answer 18

restricts all glides of the clavicle on acromion

Question 19

What does the trapezoid ligament restrict?

Answer 19

restricts scapula moving medial relative to clavicle; helps prevent medial displacement of the acromion process

Question 20

What does the conoid ligament restrict?

Answer 20

restricts lateral clavicle moving superior

Question 21

What does the coracoarcomial ligament restrict?

Answer 21

if the GHJ is very unstable it can restrict the superior migration of the HOH

Question 22

Where does the most common fracture in the clavicle occur?

Answer 22

middle 1/3

Question 23

What is conjuct rotation?

Answer 23

sequential motion, rotation that only accompanies movement of the arm/shoulder

Question 24

What is the structural and functional classification of GHJ?

Answer 24

ball and socket multiaxial diarthrosis

Question 25

Where does the glenoid labrum attach?

Answer 25

fibrocartilage rim attached to the margin of the glenoid fossa

Question 26

What is the glenoid labrum functions?

Answer 26

increases depth of the glenoid fossa, increases the articular contact area

Question 27

What are the ligaments which support the GHJ?

Answer 27

coracohumeral ligament, superior glenohumeral ligament, middle glenohumeral ligament, inferior glenohumeral ligament, transverse humeral ligament

Question 28

Which 2 ligaments provide the main resistance to inferior translation of the humerus when the upper limb is adducted?

Answer 28

coracohumeral and superior glenohumeral ligament

Question 29

What does the coracoacromial arch consist of?

Answer 29

acromion and coracoid process and coracoacromial ligament

Question 30

What is the subacromial space?

Answer 30

a space between the acromion of the scapula, where the tendons of long head of biceps brachii and supraspinatus run

Question 31

What is scapulohumeral rhythm?

Answer 31

kinematic interaction between the scapula and the humerus; interaction is important for optimal function of the shoulder

Question 32

What is the function of the intra-articular disc?

Answer 32

It increases stability and thus makes an even distribution of forces

Question 33

Where is the clavicle most commonly fractured and how?

Answer 33

direct fall onto shoulder and the middle 1/3

Question 34

What is the glenohumeral joint heavily reliant on?

Answer 34

non-bony structures

1. labrum
2. capsule-ligaments
3. muscles