Leg, Ankle + Foot

Question 1

Which bone of the leg is largest both proximally and distally?

Answer 1

tibia

Question 2

What does the forefoot consist of?

Answer 2

metatarsals and phalanges

Question 3

What does the midfoot consist of?

Answer 3

navicular, 3x cuneiforms, cuboid

Question 4

What does the rearfoot consist of?

Answer 4

talus and calcaneus

Question 5

What does the 1st ray consist of?

Answer 5

1st MT and medial cuneiform

Question 6

What does the 2nd ray consist of?

Answer 6

2nd MT and intermediate cuneiform

Question 7

What does the 3rd ray consist of?

Answer 7

3rd MT and lateral cuneiform

Question 8

What does the 4th ray consist of?

Answer 8

4th MT

Question 9

What does the 5th ray consist of?

Answer 9

5th MT

Question 10

What are the 3 arches of the foot?

Answer 10

medial longitudinal arch, lateral longitudinal arch and transverse arch

Question 11

What does the medial longitudinal arch consist of?

Answer 11

calcaneus, talus, navicular, medial cuneiform, 1st and 2nd and 3rd rays

Question 12

What does the lateral longitudinal arch consist of?

Answer 12

calcaneus, cuboid, 4th and 5th MT (lower than medial arch)

Question 13

What does the transverse arch consist of?

Answer 13

heads of MT

Question 14

What is the movement at the ankle joint? and what joint classification is the ankle?

Answer 14

DF-PF; hinge joint

Question 15

What are the global foot motions in each plane?

Answer 15

DF-PF in sagittal plane; ABD-ADD in transverse plane; Ever-Inver in coronal plane

Question 16

What movements make up pronation?

Answer 16

eversion + abduction + DF

Question 17

What movements make up supination?

Answer 17

inversion + adduction + PF

Question 18

What are the ligaments of the distal/inferior tibiofibular jt?

Answer 18

anterior tibiofibular ligament, posterior tibiofibular ligament and interosseous membrane

Question 19

What is the subtalar joint?

Answer 19

posterior calcaneal facet and talus

Question 20

What is the talocalcaneonavicular joint?

Answer 20

head of talus articulates with anterior and middle calcaneal facets, navicular and spring ligament

Question 21

What is the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) between?

Answer 21

talus and fibular

Question 22

How is the ATFL ligament commonly sprained?

Answer 22

plantarflexion and inversion/supination bc DF is closed pack position so you have bony stability and syndesmosis

Question 23

How is the CFL injured?

Answer 23

inversion/supination and plantar grade

Question 24

What joint does the ATFL, CFL and PTFL ligaments support?

Answer 24

talocrural joint

Question 25

What does the CFL also support?

Answer 25

subtalar joint

Question 26

what does the bifurcate ligament consist of?

Answer 26

dorsal calcaneonavicular + dorsal calcaneocuboid

Question 27

What does the deltoid ligament consist of?

Answer 27

anterior tibiotalar, tibionavicular, tibiocalcaneal, posterior tibiotalar

Question 28

What are the plantar ligaments?

Answer 28

short and long plantar ligaments

Question 29

What muscles are dorsiflexors of the foot?

Answer 29

tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallicus longus, fibularis tertius

Question 30

What muscles are plantarflexors of the foot?

Answer 30

gastrocnemius, soleus, flexor hallicus longus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, fibularis longus, fibularis brevius

Question 31

What muscles are inverters of the foot?

Answer 31

tibialis posterior, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, soleus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallicus longus, extensor hallicus longus

Question 32

What muscles are extensors of the foot?

Answer 32

fibularis longus, fibularis brevis, fibularis tertius, extensor digitorum longus

Question 33

What muscles flex the MTP and IP joints?

Answer 33

flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallicus longus

Question 34

What muscles extend the MTP and IP joints?

Answer 34

extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallicus longus

Question 35

what bone is most common for stress fracture- tibia or fibia? and why

Answer 35

tibia bc of force transfer

Question 36

what digit of the foot represents the midline long axis?

Answer 36

2nd digit

Question 37

why do we have arches in our feet?

Answer 37

• we have 4 layers of intrinsic muscles on the plantar layer of our feet plus blood vessels and nerves. the arches mean you aren’t compressing those.
• has weight bearing function
• also acts as a locomotive part of the body in walking and running

Question 38

what bone of the foot is a good landmark of a drop test? what is a drop test?

Answer 38

navicular; tests someones integrity in their lateral longitudinal arch

Question 39

in the foot, what bone is most common for stress fractures?

Answer 39

navicular

Question 40

what is the ‘transverse tarsal’?

Answer 40

talocalcaneonavicular and calcaneocuboid = joint between rear foot and midfoot

Question 41

what does the plantar ligaments support?

Answer 41

support lateral longitudinal arch and calcaneocuboid joint

Question 42

what does the passive subsystem of the foot consist of?

Answer 42

bones of the arches, plantar fascia and ligaments

Question 43

what does the neural subsystem of the foot consist of?

Answer 43

musculotendious receptors (local and global), ligamentous receptors (including plantar fascia), plantar cutaneous receptors

Question 44

what does the active subsystem of the foot consist of?

Answer 44

intrinsic foot muscles (local stabilizers) and extrinsic foot muscles (global movers)

Question 45

what muscles are on the first layer of the plantar aspect?

Answer 45

abductor hallucis, flexor digiti brevis, abductor digiti minimi

Question 46

what muscles are on the second layer of the plantar aspect?

Answer 46

quadratus plantae, lumbricales

Question 47

what muscles are on the third layer of the plantar aspect?

Answer 47

flexor hallicus brevis, flexor digiti minimi