Leg, Ankle + Foot Flashcards
Which bone of the leg is largest both proximally and distally?
tibia
What does the forefoot consist of?
metatarsals and phalanges
What does the midfoot consist of?
navicular, 3x cuneiforms, cuboid
What does the rearfoot consist of?
talus and calcaneus
What does the 1st ray consist of?
1st MT and medial cuneiform
What does the 2nd ray consist of?
2nd MT and intermediate cuneiform
What does the 3rd ray consist of?
3rd MT and lateral cuneiform
What does the 4th ray consist of?
4th MT
What does the 5th ray consist of?
5th MT
What are the 3 arches of the foot?
medial longitudinal arch, lateral longitudinal arch and transverse arch
What does the medial longitudinal arch consist of?
calcaneus, talus, navicular, medial cuneiform, 1st and 2nd and 3rd rays
What does the lateral longitudinal arch consist of?
calcaneus, cuboid, 4th and 5th MT (lower than medial arch)
What does the transverse arch consist of?
heads of MT
What is the movement at the ankle joint? and what joint classification is the ankle?
DF-PF; hinge joint
What are the global foot motions in each plane?
DF-PF in sagittal plane; ABD-ADD in transverse plane; Ever-Inver in coronal plane
What movements make up pronation?
eversion + abduction + DF
What movements make up supination?
inversion + adduction + PF
What are the ligaments of the distal/inferior tibiofibular jt?
anterior tibiofibular ligament, posterior tibiofibular ligament and interosseous membrane
What is the subtalar joint?
posterior calcaneal facet and talus
What is the talocalcaneonavicular joint?
head of talus articulates with anterior and middle calcaneal facets, navicular and spring ligament
What is the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) between?
talus and fibular
How is the ATFL ligament commonly sprained?
plantarflexion and inversion/supination bc DF is closed pack position so you have bony stability and syndesmosis
How is the CFL injured?
inversion/supination and plantar grade
What joint does the ATFL, CFL and PTFL ligaments support?
talocrural joint
What does the CFL also support?
subtalar joint
what does the bifurcate ligament consist of?
dorsal calcaneonavicular + dorsal calcaneocuboid
What does the deltoid ligament consist of?
anterior tibiotalar, tibionavicular, tibiocalcaneal, posterior tibiotalar
What are the plantar ligaments?
short and long plantar ligaments
What muscles are dorsiflexors of the foot?
tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallicus longus, fibularis tertius
What muscles are plantarflexors of the foot?
gastrocnemius, soleus, flexor hallicus longus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, fibularis longus, fibularis brevius
What muscles are inverters of the foot?
tibialis posterior, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, soleus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallicus longus, extensor hallicus longus
What muscles are extensors of the foot?
fibularis longus, fibularis brevis, fibularis tertius, extensor digitorum longus
What muscles flex the MTP and IP joints?
flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallicus longus
What muscles extend the MTP and IP joints?
extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallicus longus
what bone is most common for stress fracture- tibia or fibia? and why
tibia bc of force transfer
what digit of the foot represents the midline long axis?
2nd digit
why do we have arches in our feet?
- we have 4 layers of intrinsic muscles on the plantar layer of our feet plus blood vessels and nerves. the arches mean you aren’t compressing those.
- has weight bearing function
- also acts as a locomotive part of the body in walking and running
what bone of the foot is a good landmark of a drop test? what is a drop test?
navicular; tests someones integrity in their lateral longitudinal arch
in the foot, what bone is most common for stress fractures?
navicular
what is the ‘transverse tarsal’?
talocalcaneonavicular and calcaneocuboid = joint between rear foot and midfoot
what does the plantar ligaments support?
support lateral longitudinal arch and calcaneocuboid joint
what does the passive subsystem of the foot consist of?
bones of the arches, plantar fascia and ligaments
what does the neural subsystem of the foot consist of?
musculotendious receptors (local and global), ligamentous receptors (including plantar fascia), plantar cutaneous receptors
what does the active subsystem of the foot consist of?
intrinsic foot muscles (local stabilizers) and extrinsic foot muscles (global movers)
what muscles are on the first layer of the plantar aspect?
abductor hallucis, flexor digiti brevis, abductor digiti minimi
what muscles are on the second layer of the plantar aspect?
quadratus plantae, lumbricales
what muscles are on the third layer of the plantar aspect?
flexor hallicus brevis, flexor digiti minimi
