vertebral column 2

Question 1

what are some features of a typical vertebrae

Answer 1

Heart shaped body with 2 semi-facets.
The superior articulates with the head of the corresponding rib.
The inferior one articulates with the rib below (costo –vertebral joint).
The transverse process has one facet that articulates with the tubercle of the corresponding rib (costo –transverse joint).

Question 2

what are some features of the lumbar vertebrae

Answer 2

Spine is thick and quadrangular.

Inferior articular facet looks laterally.

Question 3

what is the defining feature of the 5th lumbar vertebra

Answer 3

Has the widest body.

Transverse process, is thick, short and pyramidal in shape

Question 4

which vertebrae does the base of the sacrum articulate with

Answer 4

directed up & articulates with L5

Question 5

which part of the sacrum articulates with the coccyx

Answer 5

the apex of the sacrum

Question 6

which nerve supplies the joints between the vertebral bodies

Answer 6

meningeal branches of each spinal nerve .

Question 7

which nerve supplies the joints between the articular processes

Answer 7

branches from the posterior rami of the spinal nerves.

Question 8

what happens to the spine in a disc prolapse

Answer 8

The outward thrust on annulus fibrosus > ruptures, allowing the nucleus pulposus to herniate &protrude into the vertebral canal.
It may press on the spinal nerve roots, the spinal nerve, or even the spinal cord.
Most commonly seen in the lumbar region

Question 9

where does dislocation commonly occur

Answer 9

the 4th and 5th or 5th and 6th cervical vertebrae

Question 10

what are some symptoms of dislocation

Answer 10

According to severity, symptoms include back or neck pain, numbness, tingling, muscle spasm, weakness.

Question 11

what is the curvature of the spine at birth

Answer 11

Long curve convex posteriorly seen from before birth as a result of fetal movements in utero.

Question 12

what is the curvature of the spine of adults

Answer 12

cervical- convex anteriorly
thoracic- concave anteriorly
lumbar-convex anteriorly
pelvic-concave anteriorly

Question 13

when does the lumbar curve develop in kids

Answer 13

Lumbar curve develops when the child begins to sit /walk and hold his trunk upright (12 months to 16 months)

Question 14

what causes kyphosis and what is it

Answer 14

exaggeration in the sagittal curvature in the thoracic part of the vertebral column.
caused by muscular weakness( old people and people studying over low desks

Question 15

how and who does lordosis affect

Answer 15

exaggeration in the sagittal curvature present in the lumbar region.
affects pregnant women

Question 16

what causes spondylolisthesis

Answer 16

condition in which one vertebra in your back, slides forward over the bone below it
common in lumbosacral area

Question 17

what causes scoliosis

Answer 17

It is a lateral deviation of the vertebral column.
This is most commonly found in the thoracic region.
Caused by muscular or vertebral defects as congenital hemi- vertebra and short leg or hip disease.

Question 18

in the cervical region what muscles are used for flexion

Answer 18

flexion: Sternocleidomastoid, longus colli and scalenus anterior muscles.

lateral flexion: longus is changed for medius muscles

Question 19

in the cervical region what muscles are used for extension and rotation

Answer 19

Extension: Semispinalis, rectus capitis posterior minor/major.

Rotation: sternocleidomastoid on one side and the splenius on the other side.

Question 20

in the thoracic region what muscles do rotation, flexion,extension

Answer 20

Rotation: oblique muscles of the anterior abdominal wall + multifidus & rotators.

Lateral flexion: oblique muscles of the anterior abdominal wall and the quadratus lumborum

Flexion: rectus abdominis and the psoas muscles.

Extension: erector spinae muscle.