scalp and face

Question 1

what are the anterior and superior borders of the scalp

Answer 1

Anterior: Supraorbital margin
Posterior: External occipital protuberance and superior
nuchal line

Question 2

what are the layers of the scalp( rememeber the nemonic SCALP)

Answer 2

Skin
Connective tissue layer.
Aponeurotic layer (occipito-frontalis/ galea aponeurotica)
Loose areolar tissue.
Pericranium (periosteum).

Question 3

what are some of the contents of the skin of the scalp

Answer 3

hairs, sebaceous gland & sweat glands.

Question 4

where are sebaceous cysts located

Answer 4

on the skin of the scalp

Question 5

in the scalp which layer is most densely packed with blood vessels

Answer 5

the connective tissue layer

Question 6

open wounds of the scalp bleed profusely, how can bleeding be stopped

Answer 6

bleeding can be arrested by pressure against the underlying bone

Question 7

what is the aponeurotic layer made up of

Answer 7

it is a muscular layer made up of aponeurosis & occipitofrontalis muscle

Question 8

what is the origin ,insertion and action of the frontal bellies of the Occipitofrontalis

Answer 8

Origin: Epicranial aponeurosis.
Insertion: Skin of eyebrows:
Actions: Elevates eyebrows & produces horizontal wrinkles of the forehead.

Question 9

what is the origin ,insertion and action of the occipital bellies of the Occipitofrontalis

Answer 9

Origin: Superior nuchal line.
Insertion: Epicranial aponeurosis.
Action: They pull the aponeurosis posteriorly

Question 10

what is the epicranial aponeurosis

Answer 10

It is a flat tendon.

It is adherent to the 2 superficial layers to it, so the 3 layers form one unit moving on the pericanium.

Question 11

wounds that leave a scalp gap indicate to us which layer is damaged

Answer 11

the aponeurotic layer

Question 12

what vein does the loose areolar tissue layer of the scalp contain

Answer 12

the emissary vein

Question 13

which layer of the scalp is the dangerous layer and why is it so

Answer 13

the loose areolar tissue layer, Injury to the fourth layer of the scalp (loose connective tissue) is dangerous because infection can potentially spread from the scalp through emissary veins into the cranial cavity.

Question 14

which layer seperates the superficial layers from the deep layers of the scal

Answer 14

the loose areolar tissue layer

Question 15

which layer is damaged when the eyelids turn black

Answer 15

trauma to the areolar tissue layer

Question 16

what does the pericranium cover

Answer 16

Loosely covers the bones except at sutural lines, where it is firmly attached.

Question 17

what causes a Cephalohematoma

Answer 17

Results from birth trauma due to rupture of blood vessels crossing the periosteum.
It takes the shape of underlying bone.

Question 18

what condition causes a swollen like bump to appear on the scalp immediately after delivery

Answer 18

Caput succedaneum, caused by pressure of the vaginal wall

no injury is sustained to the brain or cranial bones

Question 19

look at ppt for nerve and blood supply

Answer 19

.

Question 20

what are the posterior and anterior lymphatic nodes of the scalp

Answer 20

Anterior part: Pre-auricular (parotid) lymph nodes.

Posterior part: Post-auricular (mastoid) lymph nodes

Question 21

which muscle is used for frowning

Answer 21

Corrugator supercilli

Question 22

what muscle gives transverse wrinkles between the eyebrows

Answer 22

Procerus

Question 23

orbicularis oculi has 2 parts what are they and what is their functions

Answer 23

Orbital part: tight closure of the lids.

Palpebral part: light closure – sleep

Question 24

nasalis has 2 parts what are the functions and names

Answer 24

Transverse part: Compresses the nostrils.

Alar part: Dilates nostrils (sign of anger).

Question 25

what muscles produces a bilateral smile

Answer 25

Zygomaticus major

Question 26

what do Levator labii superioris & Zygomaticus minor do

Answer 26

elevate & evert the upper lip and increase naso -labial furrow.

Question 27

which muscle draws the lower lip downwards

Answer 27

Depressor labii inferioris

Question 28

which muscle closes the mouth and protudes the lips( pout)

Answer 28

ORBICULARIS ORIS

Question 29

what is the function of the buccinator

Answer 29

It prevents food being accumulated in the vestibule of the mouth.
Blowing, whistling.

Question 30

what is the origin and insertion point of buccinator

Answer 30

Origin: Alveolar process of maxilla & mandible opposite 3rd molar tooth.

Insertion :At the angle of the mouth arranged into :Upper fibers: pass straight into upper lip.
Lower fibers: pass straight into lower lip.
Intermediate fibers: (decussate at modiolus) where ,upper goes to lower lip and lower to upper lip.

Question 31

what is the name of the point that most muscles of the face meet, it is located 1.25cm lateral to the angle of the mouth

Answer 31

its called the modiolus, its a fibro muscular point

Question 32

what does the Depressor anguli oris do

Answer 32

Draws corner of mouth down and laterally (sadness).

Question 33

what does the mentalis do

Answer 33

Protrudes lower lip; as it wrinkles skin on chin (doubt).

Question 34

where does the arterial supply of the face come from

Answer 34

Branches of the external carotid artery and internal carotid artery (supraorbital & supra trochlear arteries).

Question 35

where does the facial artery enter the face

Answer 35

the masseter muscle,It passes along the side of the nose and terminates as the angular artery at the medial angle of the eye.
At the medial angle of the eye it anastomoses with the terminal branch of the ophthalmic artery (ICA).

Question 36

what are the branches of the opthalmic artery

Answer 36

Lateral nasal artery.
Superior labial artery.
Inferior labial artery.

Question 37

explain the path of venous drainage of the face

Answer 37

It is formed by the union of supra- orbital and supra- trochlear veins at the medial angle of eye.
It descends behind the facial artery.
It crosses base of mandible to enter neck.

It is joined by the anterior division of retro – mandibular vein to form common facial vein.
It terminates in the internal jugular vein .

Question 38

what are some dangerous areas of the face

Answer 38

Upper lip, nasal septum, ala of the nose.
Area drained by facial vein.
Infections from this area reach meninges causing meningitis and intracranial thrombosis.