scalp and face Flashcards
what are the anterior and superior borders of the scalp
Anterior: Supraorbital margin
Posterior: External occipital protuberance and superior
nuchal line
what are the layers of the scalp( rememeber the nemonic SCALP)
Skin Connective tissue layer. Aponeurotic layer (occipito-frontalis/ galea aponeurotica) Loose areolar tissue. Pericranium (periosteum).
what are some of the contents of the skin of the scalp
hairs, sebaceous gland & sweat glands.
where are sebaceous cysts located
on the skin of the scalp
in the scalp which layer is most densely packed with blood vessels
the connective tissue layer
open wounds of the scalp bleed profusely, how can bleeding be stopped
bleeding can be arrested by pressure against the underlying bone
what is the aponeurotic layer made up of
it is a muscular layer made up of aponeurosis & occipitofrontalis muscle
what is the origin ,insertion and action of the frontal bellies of the Occipitofrontalis
Origin: Epicranial aponeurosis.
Insertion: Skin of eyebrows:
Actions: Elevates eyebrows & produces horizontal wrinkles of the forehead.
what is the origin ,insertion and action of the occipital bellies of the Occipitofrontalis
Origin: Superior nuchal line.
Insertion: Epicranial aponeurosis.
Action: They pull the aponeurosis posteriorly
what is the epicranial aponeurosis
It is a flat tendon.
It is adherent to the 2 superficial layers to it, so the 3 layers form one unit moving on the pericanium.
wounds that leave a scalp gap indicate to us which layer is damaged
the aponeurotic layer
what vein does the loose areolar tissue layer of the scalp contain
the emissary vein
which layer of the scalp is the dangerous layer and why is it so
the loose areolar tissue layer, Injury to the fourth layer of the scalp (loose connective tissue) is dangerous because infection can potentially spread from the scalp through emissary veins into the cranial cavity.
which layer seperates the superficial layers from the deep layers of the scal
the loose areolar tissue layer
which layer is damaged when the eyelids turn black
trauma to the areolar tissue layer
what does the pericranium cover
Loosely covers the bones except at sutural lines, where it is firmly attached.
what causes a Cephalohematoma
Results from birth trauma due to rupture of blood vessels crossing the periosteum.
It takes the shape of underlying bone.
what condition causes a swollen like bump to appear on the scalp immediately after delivery
Caput succedaneum, caused by pressure of the vaginal wall
no injury is sustained to the brain or cranial bones
look at ppt for nerve and blood supply
.
what are the posterior and anterior lymphatic nodes of the scalp
Anterior part: Pre-auricular (parotid) lymph nodes.
Posterior part: Post-auricular (mastoid) lymph nodes
which muscle is used for frowning
Corrugator supercilli
what muscle gives transverse wrinkles between the eyebrows
Procerus
orbicularis oculi has 2 parts what are they and what is their functions
Orbital part: tight closure of the lids.
Palpebral part: light closure – sleep
nasalis has 2 parts what are the functions and names
Transverse part: Compresses the nostrils.
Alar part: Dilates nostrils (sign of anger).
what muscles produces a bilateral smile
Zygomaticus major
what do Levator labii superioris & Zygomaticus minor do
elevate & evert the upper lip and increase naso -labial furrow.
which muscle draws the lower lip downwards
Depressor labii inferioris
which muscle closes the mouth and protudes the lips( pout)
ORBICULARIS ORIS
what is the function of the buccinator
It prevents food being accumulated in the vestibule of the mouth.
Blowing, whistling.
what is the origin and insertion point of buccinator
Origin: Alveolar process of maxilla & mandible opposite 3rd molar tooth.
Insertion :At the angle of the mouth arranged into :Upper fibers: pass straight into upper lip.
Lower fibers: pass straight into lower lip.
Intermediate fibers: (decussate at modiolus) where ,upper goes to lower lip and lower to upper lip.
what is the name of the point that most muscles of the face meet, it is located 1.25cm lateral to the angle of the mouth
its called the modiolus, its a fibro muscular point
what does the Depressor anguli oris do
Draws corner of mouth down and laterally (sadness).
what does the mentalis do
Protrudes lower lip; as it wrinkles skin on chin (doubt).
where does the arterial supply of the face come from
Branches of the external carotid artery and internal carotid artery (supraorbital & supra trochlear arteries).
where does the facial artery enter the face
the masseter muscle,It passes along the side of the nose and terminates as the angular artery at the medial angle of the eye.
At the medial angle of the eye it anastomoses with the terminal branch of the ophthalmic artery (ICA).
what are the branches of the opthalmic artery
Lateral nasal artery.
Superior labial artery.
Inferior labial artery.
explain the path of venous drainage of the face
It is formed by the union of supra- orbital and supra- trochlear veins at the medial angle of eye.
It descends behind the facial artery.
It crosses base of mandible to enter neck.
It is joined by the anterior division of retro – mandibular vein to form common facial vein.
It terminates in the internal jugular vein .
what are some dangerous areas of the face
Upper lip, nasal septum, ala of the nose.
Area drained by facial vein.
Infections from this area reach meninges causing meningitis and intracranial thrombosis.
