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Kinesiology > Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up an inter body joint

A
  • disc
  • apposing vertebra
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2
Q

What is a disc made up of

A
  • nucleus pulposus (inner region)
  • annulus fibrosus (outer region)
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3
Q

What are the primary/kyphosis curves of the spine

A
  • thoracic spine
  • sacrum
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4
Q

What are the secondary/lordosis curves of the spine

A
  • lumber spine
  • cervical spine
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5
Q

Where does the typical line of gravity pass through

A
  • anterior to ankle
  • anterior to knee
  • posterior to hip
  • anterior to 2nd sacral vertebra
  • straight through the ear hole
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6
Q

Functions of the cranium

A
  • protection
  • sensory organ housing
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7
Q

Signs of a basilar skull fracture

A
  • bruising behind the ears
  • raccoon eyes
  • blood coming out of the eyes
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8
Q

What motion puts tension on all of the spinal ligaments

A
  • cervical rotation
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9
Q

What motion tensions the transverse ligaments

A
  • cervical contralateral lateral flexion
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10
Q

What makes the ligaments flavum have a yellow hue

A
  • elastin
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11
Q

Main function of the ribs

A
  • protect the thoracic cavity
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12
Q

Where do ribs 1-7 attach

A
  • directly on the sternocostal
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13
Q

Where do ribs 8-10 attach

A
  • indirect attachment to sternum through superior ribs
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14
Q

Where do ribs 11-12 attach

A
  • they are floating ribs
  • no sternal attachment
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15
Q

What is the cost of the curvature of our spine

A
  • it causes shearing force
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16
Q

What parts of the spine move the most

A
  • cervical
  • lumbar
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17
Q

How many cervical vertebra

A
  • 7
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18
Q

How many thoracic vertebra

A
  • 12
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19
Q

How many lumbar vertebra

A
  • 5
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20
Q

How many sacral vertebra

A
  • 5
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21
Q

How many coccygeal vertebra

A
  • 4
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22
Q

Define coupled motion

A
  • motions that can’t or tend not to occur in isolation
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23
Q

What motion is coupled with spinal lateral flexion

A
  • rotation
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24
Q

Define ipsilateral rule

A
  • rotation is coupled with side bending to the same side
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25
Q

Define contralateral rule

A
  • rotation is coupled with side bending to the opposite side
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26
Q

What rule does C2-T2 follow

A
  • ipsilateral rule
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27
Q

What rule does T3-T7 follow

A
  • contralateral rule
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28
Q

What rule does T8-S1 flexion follow

A
  • ipsilateral rule
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29
Q

What rule does T8-S1 extension follow

A
  • contralateral rule
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30
Q

What angle is the annulus fibrosus collagen orientation

A
  • about 60 degrees
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31
Q

What is the role of the annulus fibrosus

A
  • its role is to contain the nucleus pulposus and provides resistance to tension
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32
Q

Describe endplates

A
  • cartilage caps
  • fibrocartilage where adheres to disc
  • calcified cartilage where adhere to vertebral body (fracture risk)
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33
Q

Describe the annulus fibrosis

A
  • only the outer layer is vascularized
  • rest of disc gets nutrition by diffusion
  • limited healing
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34
Q

What happens during spine flexion

A
  • anterior parts are approximating
  • posterior parts are being pulled apart
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35
Q

Which way will a disc herniate

A
  • it will herniate is the path a least resistance
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36
Q

What is the position of least disc pressure

A
  • laying supine
37
Q

Is standing straight up or sitting straight have more disc pressure

A
  • sitting straight up causes more disc pressure than standing straight up
38
Q

What position causes the most disc pressure

A
  • stooping
39
Q

What is a common herniation direction

A
  • posterior lateral
40
Q

What are the distinguishing features of the cervical vertebrae

A
  • small
  • mobile
  • transverse foramina for the vertebral artery to pass through
41
Q

Which cervical vertebrae are unique

A
  • C1
  • C2
  • C7
42
Q

Describe cervical vertebrae

A
  • wider from side to side rather than front to back
  • superior surface if concave medial to lateral
  • inferior surface is convex anterior to posterior
  • superior facets oriented superiorly & posteriorly
  • inferior facets oriented inferiorly & anteriorly
43
Q

What does the dens of C2 (axis) articulate with

A
  • the anterior arch of C1 (atlas)
44
Q

What vertebra does the majority of vertical rotation occur in the cervical spine

A
  • C2 (axis)
45
Q

Distinguishing features of thoracic vertebrae

A
  • demi facets
  • frontal plane facet joints
  • spinous process tip posterior to facet of the vertebra below
46
Q

What is the close packed position for the spine

A
  • extension
47
Q

Describe lumbar vertebrae

A
  • inferior facets face anteriorly & laterally
  • superior facets face posteriorly & medially
  • bigger & wider vertebral bodies
  • facets face more in the sagittal plane
48
Q

What do apophyseal joints do

A
  • guide motion
  • assist with load acceptance & distribution
49
Q

Where does most of our rotation come from

A
  • Atlanto-axial joint
50
Q

What does the transverse ligament do

A
  • stabilizes
  • resists anterior translation of the head
51
Q

What does the annular ligament resists

A
  • rotation
52
Q

Cervical extension ROM

A
  • 75 to 80 degrees
53
Q

Cervical flexion ROM

A
  • 45 to 50 degrees
54
Q

What happens in the cervical spine during extension

A
  • poster roll & anterior glide at the C0-C1 joint
  • posterior tilt at C1-C2 joint
  • posterior & inferior glide from C2 to C7
55
Q

How many DOF does the C0-C1 joint have

A
  • 1 DOF
56
Q

How many DOF does the cervical spine have

A
  • 2 DOF
57
Q

Cervical spine rotation ROM

A
  • 65 to 75 degrees
58
Q

What happens in the cervical spine during rotation

A
  • posterior glide on the ipsilateral side & anterior glide on the contralateral side at C1-C2
  • posterior & a little inferior glide on the ipsilateral side & anterior & a little superior glide on the contralateral side from C2 to C7
59
Q

Cervical spine lateral flexion ROM

A
  • 35 to 40 degrees
60
Q

What happens in the cervical spine during lateral flexion

A
  • inferior & a little posterior slide on the ipsilateral side & superior & a little anterior slide on the contralateral side from C2 to C7
61
Q

Thoracic spine normal ROM values

A

Flexion: 30-40 degrees
Extension: 15-20 degrees
Rotation: 25-35 degrees
Lateral flexion: 25-30 degrees
Resting kyphosis: 40 degrees

62
Q

Thoracolumbar flexion ROM

A
  • superior slide & a little bit anteriorly at the facets
  • 85 degrees; 35 degrees from thoracic & 50 degrees from lumbar
63
Q

Thoracolumbar extension ROM

A
  • 35 to 40 degrees; 15-20 degrees from thoracic & 20 degrees from lumbar
  • inferior & a little posterior at the facets
64
Q

What direction is roll & slide in during thoracolumbar rotation

A
  • the same direction
  • anterior and inferior facet on the ipsilateral side slide posteriorly
  • 5 degrees of rotation in lumbar region
65
Q

What happens during thoracolumbar lateral flexion

A
  • contralateral superior slide of inferior facet
  • ipsilateral inferior slide of the inferior facet
  • 45 degrees; 25 degrees from thoracic due to ribs limiting
66
Q

What motion shrinks canal & foramina

A
  • spinal extension
67
Q

Describe lumbopelvic rhythm

A
  • forward bend
  • 60 degrees from hip
  • 45 degrees form lumbar
  • more lumbar flexion early on and more hip flexion later on the bending motion
68
Q

Lumbar ROM

A
  • 5 to 7 degrees of rotation
  • 20 degrees of lateral flexion
69
Q

hat is the normal angle between the sacrum & horizontal

A
  • 40 degrees
  • downward slope causes shearing force & compression forces
  • restrained by disc, facets, & anterior longitudinal ligament
70
Q

Describe nutation

A
  • sacrum rotates anteriorly relative to ilium & pelvis rotates posteriorly
71
Q

Describe counternutation

A
  • sacrum rotates posteriorly relative to ilium & pelvis rotates anteriorly
72
Q

What is the close packed position for the sacroiliac joint

A
  • nutation
73
Q

What ligaments are tension during nutation

A
  • sacrotuberous ligament
  • interosseous ligament
74
Q

What muscles work as bilateral extensors and unilateral lateral flexors

A
  • trapezius
  • latissimus dorsi
  • rhomboids
  • levator scapula
  • serrates anterior
  • transversospinals
75
Q

What posterior trunk muscles are related to ventilation

A
  • serratus posterior superior
  • serratus posterior inferior
76
Q

What are the anterior lateral craniocervical muscles

A
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • scalenes
  • longus colli
  • longus capitis
  • rectus capitis anterior
  • recuts capitis lateralis
77
Q

What are the muscle actions of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

A
  • bilaterally does mid/lower cervical flexion and slight upper cervical extension
  • unilaterally contralateral rotation and ipsilateral lateral flexion
78
Q

What are the muscle actions of the scalenes

A
  • bilaterally does slight flexion and act of vertical stabilizers
  • unilaterally ipsilateral lateral flexion
79
Q

What is the muscle action of rectus capitis anterior & rectus capitis lateralis

A
  • Anterior: AO flexor
  • Lateralis: AO lateral flexor
80
Q

Muscle action of longus colli

A
  • resists lordosis
  • vertical stabilizer
81
Q

Muscle action of longus capitis

A
  • flexor and stabilizer
82
Q

Describe forward head posture

A
  • lower cervical flexion
  • upper cervical extension
83
Q

Describe whiplash

A
  • frequently associated with damage to longus colli and capitis, alar ligaments especially when rotated
84
Q

Describe muscle actions of the internal and external obliques

A
  • external obliques will rotate to the contralateral side
  • internal oblique will rotate to the ipsilateral
  • right external oblique is coupled with left internal oblique
85
Q

What are the trunk intrinsic stabilizers

A
  • transversospinals
  • short segmentals
86
Q

What are the trunk extrinsic stabilizers

A
  • erector spinae
  • quadrates lumborum
  • psoas major
87
Q

Phases of a typical full sit up

A
  • upper trunk first then lower trunk follows
88
Q

Things to reduce reaction force/compression load

A
  • make more trips with lower loads
  • shorten the moment arm as much as you can
  • don’t let your back go into flexion

Kinesiology (10 decks)

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