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Kinesiology > Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up an inter body joint

A
  • disc
  • apposing vertebra
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2
Q

What is a disc made up of

A
  • nucleus pulposus (inner region)
  • annulus fibrosus (outer region)
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3
Q

What are the primary/kyphosis curves of the spine

A
  • thoracic spine
  • sacrum
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4
Q

What are the secondary/lordosis curves of the spine

A
  • lumber spine
  • cervical spine
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5
Q

Where does the typical line of gravity pass through

A
  • anterior to ankle
  • anterior to knee
  • posterior to hip
  • anterior to 2nd sacral vertebra
  • straight through the ear hole
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6
Q

Functions of the cranium

A
  • protection
  • sensory organ housing
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7
Q

Signs of a basilar skull fracture

A
  • bruising behind the ears
  • raccoon eyes
  • blood coming out of the eyes
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8
Q

What motion puts tension on all of the spinal ligaments

A
  • cervical rotation
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9
Q

What motion tensions the transverse ligaments

A
  • cervical contralateral lateral flexion
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10
Q

What makes the ligaments flavum have a yellow hue

A
  • elastin
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11
Q

Main function of the ribs

A
  • protect the thoracic cavity
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12
Q

Where do ribs 1-7 attach

A
  • directly on the sternocostal
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13
Q

Where do ribs 8-10 attach

A
  • indirect attachment to sternum through superior ribs
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14
Q

Where do ribs 11-12 attach

A
  • they are floating ribs
  • no sternal attachment
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15
Q

What is the cost of the curvature of our spine

A
  • it causes shearing force
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16
Q

What parts of the spine move the most

A
  • cervical
  • lumbar
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17
Q

How many cervical vertebra

A
  • 7
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18
Q

How many thoracic vertebra

A
  • 12
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19
Q

How many lumbar vertebra

A
  • 5
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20
Q

How many sacral vertebra

A
  • 5
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21
Q

How many coccygeal vertebra

A
  • 4
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22
Q

Define coupled motion

A
  • motions that can’t or tend not to occur in isolation
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23
Q

What motion is coupled with spinal lateral flexion

A
  • rotation
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24
Q

Define ipsilateral rule

A
  • rotation is coupled with side bending to the same side
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25
Define contralateral rule
- rotation is coupled with side bending to the opposite side
26
What rule does C2-T2 follow
- ipsilateral rule
27
What rule does T3-T7 follow
- contralateral rule
28
What rule does T8-S1 flexion follow
- ipsilateral rule
29
What rule does T8-S1 extension follow
- contralateral rule
30
What angle is the annulus fibrosus collagen orientation
- about 60 degrees
31
What is the role of the annulus fibrosus
- its role is to contain the nucleus pulposus and provides resistance to tension
32
Describe endplates
- cartilage caps - fibrocartilage where adheres to disc - calcified cartilage where adhere to vertebral body (fracture risk)
33
Describe the annulus fibrosis
- only the outer layer is vascularized - rest of disc gets nutrition by diffusion - limited healing
34
What happens during spine flexion
- anterior parts are approximating - posterior parts are being pulled apart
35
Which way will a disc herniate
- it will herniate is the path a least resistance
36
What is the position of least disc pressure
- laying supine
37
Is standing straight up or sitting straight have more disc pressure
- sitting straight up causes more disc pressure than standing straight up
38
What position causes the most disc pressure
- stooping
39
What is a common herniation direction
- posterior lateral
40
What are the distinguishing features of the cervical vertebrae
- small - mobile - transverse foramina for the vertebral artery to pass through
41
Which cervical vertebrae are unique
- C1 - C2 - C7
42
Describe cervical vertebrae
- wider from side to side rather than front to back - superior surface if concave medial to lateral - inferior surface is convex anterior to posterior - superior facets oriented superiorly & posteriorly - inferior facets oriented inferiorly & anteriorly
43
What does the dens of C2 (axis) articulate with
- the anterior arch of C1 (atlas)
44
What vertebra does the majority of vertical rotation occur in the cervical spine
- C2 (axis)
45
Distinguishing features of thoracic vertebrae
- demi facets - frontal plane facet joints - spinous process tip posterior to facet of the vertebra below
46
What is the close packed position for the spine
- extension
47
Describe lumbar vertebrae
- inferior facets face anteriorly & laterally - superior facets face posteriorly & medially - bigger & wider vertebral bodies - facets face more in the sagittal plane
48
What do apophyseal joints do
- guide motion - assist with load acceptance & distribution
49
Where does most of our rotation come from
- Atlanto-axial joint
50
What does the transverse ligament do
- stabilizes - resists anterior translation of the head
51
What does the annular ligament resists
- rotation
52
Cervical extension ROM
- 75 to 80 degrees
53
Cervical flexion ROM
- 45 to 50 degrees
54
What happens in the cervical spine during extension
- poster roll & anterior glide at the C0-C1 joint - posterior tilt at C1-C2 joint - posterior & inferior glide from C2 to C7
55
How many DOF does the C0-C1 joint have
- 1 DOF
56
How many DOF does the cervical spine have
- 2 DOF
57
Cervical spine rotation ROM
- 65 to 75 degrees
58
What happens in the cervical spine during rotation
- posterior glide on the ipsilateral side & anterior glide on the contralateral side at C1-C2 - posterior & a little inferior glide on the ipsilateral side & anterior & a little superior glide on the contralateral side from C2 to C7
59
Cervical spine lateral flexion ROM
- 35 to 40 degrees
60
What happens in the cervical spine during lateral flexion
- inferior & a little posterior slide on the ipsilateral side & superior & a little anterior slide on the contralateral side from C2 to C7
61
Thoracic spine normal ROM values
Flexion: 30-40 degrees Extension: 15-20 degrees Rotation: 25-35 degrees Lateral flexion: 25-30 degrees Resting kyphosis: 40 degrees
62
Thoracolumbar flexion ROM
- superior slide & a little bit anteriorly at the facets - 85 degrees; 35 degrees from thoracic & 50 degrees from lumbar
63
Thoracolumbar extension ROM
- 35 to 40 degrees; 15-20 degrees from thoracic & 20 degrees from lumbar - inferior & a little posterior at the facets
64
What direction is roll & slide in during thoracolumbar rotation
- the same direction - anterior and inferior facet on the ipsilateral side slide posteriorly - 5 degrees of rotation in lumbar region
65
What happens during thoracolumbar lateral flexion
- contralateral superior slide of inferior facet - ipsilateral inferior slide of the inferior facet - 45 degrees; 25 degrees from thoracic due to ribs limiting
66
What motion shrinks canal & foramina
- spinal extension
67
Describe lumbopelvic rhythm
- forward bend - 60 degrees from hip - 45 degrees form lumbar - more lumbar flexion early on and more hip flexion later on the bending motion
68
Lumbar ROM
- 5 to 7 degrees of rotation - 20 degrees of lateral flexion
69
hat is the normal angle between the sacrum & horizontal
- 40 degrees - downward slope causes shearing force & compression forces - restrained by disc, facets, & anterior longitudinal ligament
70
Describe nutation
- sacrum rotates anteriorly relative to ilium & pelvis rotates posteriorly
71
Describe counternutation
- sacrum rotates posteriorly relative to ilium & pelvis rotates anteriorly
72
What is the close packed position for the sacroiliac joint
- nutation
73
What ligaments are tension during nutation
- sacrotuberous ligament - interosseous ligament
74
What muscles work as bilateral extensors and unilateral lateral flexors
- trapezius - latissimus dorsi - rhomboids - levator scapula - serrates anterior - transversospinals
75
What posterior trunk muscles are related to ventilation
- serratus posterior superior - serratus posterior inferior
76
What are the anterior lateral craniocervical muscles
- sternocleidomastoid - scalenes - longus colli - longus capitis - rectus capitis anterior - recuts capitis lateralis
77
What are the muscle actions of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
- bilaterally does mid/lower cervical flexion and slight upper cervical extension - unilaterally contralateral rotation and ipsilateral lateral flexion
78
What are the muscle actions of the scalenes
- bilaterally does slight flexion and act of vertical stabilizers - unilaterally ipsilateral lateral flexion
79
What is the muscle action of rectus capitis anterior & rectus capitis lateralis
- Anterior: AO flexor - Lateralis: AO lateral flexor
80
Muscle action of longus colli
- resists lordosis - vertical stabilizer
81
Muscle action of longus capitis
- flexor and stabilizer
82
Describe forward head posture
- lower cervical flexion - upper cervical extension
83
Describe whiplash
- frequently associated with damage to longus colli and capitis, alar ligaments especially when rotated
84
Describe muscle actions of the internal and external obliques
- external obliques will rotate to the contralateral side - internal oblique will rotate to the ipsilateral - right external oblique is coupled with left internal oblique
85
What are the trunk intrinsic stabilizers
- transversospinals - short segmentals
86
What are the trunk extrinsic stabilizers
- erector spinae - quadrates lumborum - psoas major
87
Phases of a typical full sit up
- upper trunk first then lower trunk follows
88
Things to reduce reaction force/compression load
- make more trips with lower loads - shorten the moment arm as much as you can - don't let your back go into flexion

Kinesiology (10 decks)

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