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Kinesiology > Ankle/Foot Complex > Flashcards

Ankle/Foot Complex Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the tibia

A
  • broad distally & maximizes contact area for force transmission
  • twists externally around long axis 20-30 degrees is normal
  • articular concavity for distal fibula
  • primary load bearing bone
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2
Q

Describe the fibula

A
  • lateral malleolus functions as pulley
  • medial aspect of lateral malleolus = facet for talus
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3
Q

Describe the projection of the talus

A
  • projects distally & medially at about 30 degrees in adults
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4
Q

Describe the function of the talocrural articulation

A
  • permits mostly sagittal plane motion
  • plantar & dorsiflexion is possible at this joint & at other joints
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5
Q

Describe the calcaneus

A
  • provides attachment site for the achilles tendon
  • on the plantar side forms attachments site for the intrinsic foot muscles
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6
Q

What can the navicular tuberosity be used to assess

A
  • can assess foot arch drop/collapse
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7
Q

What surface of the metatarsals & phalanges are concave and convex

A
  • plantar surface of the metatarsals is concave
  • the base of the phalanges are concave and the heads are convex
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8
Q

What are the cardinal plane motions of the foot

A
  • dorsiflexion
  • plantar flexion
  • inversion and eversion
  • abduction and adduction
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9
Q

What are the oblique axis motions of the foot

A
  • pronation which couples DF, eversion, & abduction
  • supination which couples PF, inversion, & adduction
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10
Q

Describe the tibiofibular joint

A
  • shares capsule with knee & is reinforced by the anterior & posterior tib-fib ligaments, popliteal tendon, & LCL
  • minimal translation
  • dorsiflexion is anterolateral glide at proximal tib-fib
  • plantar flexion is posteromedial glide at proximal tib-fib
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11
Q

Weight bearing and sprain at the distal tibiofibular joint

A
  • 90% tibia
  • 10% fibula during weight bearing
  • site of high ankle sprain
  • MOI for high ankle sprain is loaded dorsiflexion
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12
Q

What is the shape of the talocrural joint (TCJ)

A
  • the shape of a carpenters mortise joint (upside down U-shape over a box)
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13
Q

What ligaments make up the LCL of the ankle

A
  • anterior & posterior talofibular ligaments
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14
Q

Describe the deltoid ligament

A
  • includes: tibionavicular fibers, tibiocalcaneal fibers, & tibiotalar fibers
  • limits eversion
  • located on the medial side of the ankle
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15
Q

Describe the lateral ankle ligaments

A
  • limits a combination of abduction &/or inversion
  • anterior talofibular ligament is related to an inversion sprain
  • posterior talofibular ligament is tensioned in abduction; fibula has to move forward & twist internally
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16
Q

Describe talocrural joint motion

A
  • little bit of abduction & a little bit of eversion when dorsiflex
  • 1 DOF; primary motion is plantar & dorsiflexion
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17
Q

ROM at the talocrural joint

A
  • dorsiflexion = 15 - 25 degrees
  • plantar flexion = 40 - 55 degrees
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18
Q

Roll and slide motions at the talocrural joint

A
  • open chain dorsiflexion is anterior roll & posterior slide of talus
  • LCL tensions with anterior tallor translation (Dorsiflexion)
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19
Q

What limits DF & PF at the talocrural joint

A
  • DF: gastric, soleus, & anterior talon width
  • PF: connective tissue
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20
Q

What stabilizes and supports the subtler joint

A
  • cervical ligament & talocalcaneal ligament are primary ligamentous restraints
  • calcaneofibular & tibiocalcaneal are secondary stabilizers
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21
Q

Motions of the subtalar joint

A
  • pronation; eversion & abduction
  • supination; inversion & adduction
  • minimal DF/PF
22
Q

Roll and slide at the subtalar joint

A
  • Pronation has medial slide
  • Supination has lateral side
23
Q

What motion occurs at the transverse tarsal joint (TTJ)

A
  • supination
  • pronation
  • allows foot to conform to surfaces
24
Q

Describe the functions of the calcaneocuboid joint

A
  • provides a lot a stability
  • stabilizes the lateral longitudinal column of the foot with capsular & ligamentous support
25
Describe navicular motion at the talonavicular joint
- navicular spins to create pronation/supination
26
Describe the glides at the calcaneocuboid joint
- supination has inferior/medial glide (cuboid with respect to calcaneus)
27
Describe the motions at the transverse tarsal joint combined with subtalar motion
- if weight bearing there is more motion available - position of the subtalar joint affect the transverse tarsal joint motion - supination at subtalar stiffens transverse tarsal joint at the mid foot
28
Function of the medial longitudinal arch
- function is to help us transition from weight bearing & non-weight bearing phases of gait - stiffens up during terminal stance phase of gait to act as a lever - during weight acceptance the arch flattens/spread out & acts like shock absorption - plantar fascia & spring ligament are supporting structures; MTP extension tensions the plantar fascia
29
Define pes planus
- flattened/fallen arches - might see callused - can be flexible or rigid
30
Define pes cavus
- high arch - primary concern is with load acceptance - person might be a stiff walker & transfers loads abruptly
31
What part of gait has the highest medial arch
- from heal off to toe off
32
What is coupled with subtalar joint pronation and supination
- pronation is coupled with tibia & femoral internal rotation - supination is coupled with tibial & femoral external rotation
33
Describe the inter tarsal joints
- quite stiff - gives stability to the transverse arch
34
What is the reference for the transverse arch
- the 2nd ray
35
Coupling motions at the tarsometatarsal joints
- dorsiflexion is paired with inversion - plantar flexion is paired with eversion
36
Roll and slides & ROM of the metatarsophalangeal joints (MTP)
- flexion is 30-40 degrees - extension is 65-85 degrees with dorsal roll/glide - adduction & abduction is minimal with medial roll/glide
37
What muscles are in the anterior compartment & innervation
- deep fibular nerve - tibialis anterior - extensor hallucis longus -extensor digitorum longus
38
What muscles are in the lateral compartment & innervation
- superficial fibular nerve - fibularis longus - fibularis brevis
39
What muscles are in the posterior compartment & innervation
- tibial nerve - tibialis posterior - flexor digitorum longus - flexor hallucis longus - gastroc - soleus
40
Describe the anterior compartment (pre-tibial)
- all are dorsiflexors - eccentric contraction in early stance phase - activated during swing phase to ensure foot clearance
41
Describe the lateral compartment
- evertors, plantar flexors, & abductors - active in stance phase of gait - early rear foot pronation - mid/late decelerating subtalar supination - late plantar flex & contribute to contralateral weight transfer
42
Describe the posterior compartment
- superficial muscles are plantar flexors (gastric & soleus) - deep muscles are investors (tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, & flexor digitorum longus) - except for fibularis longus & fibularis brevis all talocrural joint plantar flexors also supinate the subtalar & transverse tarsal joint
43
What is the ankle's most powerful motion
- plantar flexion - greatest torque near full dorsiflexion
44
What lever class is the achilles tendon
- 2nd class lever (mechanical advantage) when standing on tiptoes - the trade off is it must cover a greater linear distance
45
Describe pes equinovarus
- loss of both the anterior and lateral compartments resulting in foot drop with supinated/inverted foot posture (pes varus)
46
Describe pes calcaneus
- hypertrophy heel pad associated with chronically going into heel strike on a rigidly dorsiflexed ankle
47
Describe pes valgus
- everted & abducted foot - might see callus on the medial longitudinal arch
48
Describe the windlass effect
- increased tension in the medial longitudinal arch associated with metatarsalphalangeal extension - attributed to plantar fascia - adds rigidity during push off
49
Describe hallux limitus
- turf toe - hyperextension injury of the great toe - may lead to avoiding extension in gait
50
Describe hallux valgus
- bunion - tarsometatarsal adduction with possible lateral metatarsalphalangeal dislocation & eversion - self perpetuating collapse following tendon displacement
51
Ways to move the knee without knee muscle activation
- dorsiflexion of the ankle & hip flexion can flex the knee - plantar flexion & hip extension can indirectly extend the knee
52
What muscles are in the tarsal tunnel
- tibialis posterior - flexor digitorum longus

Kinesiology (10 decks)

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