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Thrall > Vertebrae > Flashcards

Vertebrae Flashcards

1
Q

What is the centrum of the vertebra?

A

The body

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2
Q

What type of joint is the articular processes of the vertebral column?

A

Synovial (diarthrodial)

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3
Q

The lateral and transverse foramina of C1 contain what?

A

Vertebral arteries

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4
Q

The dens orginates from what?

A

The intercentrum of C1 but during development it attaches to C2

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5
Q

What is the median sacral crest?

A

The fused spinous process of the sacral vertebrae

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6
Q

What are Y-shaped hemal arches?

A

Ventral arches on Cd4-Cd6 vertebral bodies to protect the median coccygeal artery

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7
Q

What are the ligaments of the atlantoaxial joint?

A

Dorsal atlantoaxial ligament

Apical ligament

Alar ligaments

Transverse ligament of the atlas

5 all together.

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8
Q

What small animal species has a nuchal ligament and where does it attach?

A

Dog

Spinous process of the axis (C2) to the first 3 thoracic vertebrae

It continues as the supraspinous ligament preventing abnormal separation of the spinous process during flexion.

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9
Q

Where is the interarcuate ligaments and what is the nickname for them?

A

Yellow ligament or ligamentum flavum

Number 5.

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10
Q

Where is the intercapital ligaments?

A

Between the ribs from T2-T11. Lies VENTRAL to the dorsal longitudinal ligament.

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11
Q

Definition of a block vertebra? where are they most common?

A

Fusion of 2 or more vertebral bodies

Cervical spine

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12
Q

What type of posture does a hemivertebrae create?

A

Kyphosis

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13
Q

Can hemivertebrae be clinical?

A

Yes.. the kyphotic posture can lead to extradural compression of the spinal cord.

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14
Q

What thoracic vertebra is classically the anticlinal vertebra?

A

T11 in dogs

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15
Q

What is the clinical significance of a transitional vertebra?

A

Miss counting disc spaces

Increased incidence of disc protrusion and nerve root compression at the LS disc space when a transitional vertebra is present.

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16
Q

Spina bifida is seen with what other clinically significant deformatiy?

A

Meningocele or meningomyelocele

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17
Q

Spina bifida is common in what breed of dog? Cat?

A

Bulldogs

Manx cats

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18
Q

Two key radiographic signs of AA lux?

A

Increase distance between the vertebral arch of the atlas and the spinous process of the axis

Dorsal lamina do not align of the AA - A angular relationship between the lamina of C1 and C2 is the most reliable radiographic sign of an AA lux.

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19
Q

Cervical spondylomyelopathy is common in what age and breed?

A

Young Great Danes

Middle aged Dobbies

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20
Q

What are the different manifestations of cervical spondylomyelopathy and what breed has those manifestations?

A

Dobies - Vertebral canal stenosis (under development of the pedicles), disc protrusion, dorsal longitudinal ligament hypertrophy.

Great Danes: Articular process malformation and hyperostosis

21
Q

The osseous proliferation from the articular facets of great danes with cervical spondylomyelopathy extends into the spinal canal how?

A

Ventrally and medially.

22
Q

What secondary changes are noted with great dane/osseous proliferative cervical spondylomyelopathy?

A

Synovial cysts

23
Q

How is the ratio of Great Dane cervical spondylomyleopathy measured?

A

VD image

Distance between articular process joint vs vertebral body width.

24
Q

Is advanced imaging always necessary for cervical spondylomyelopathy patients?

A

Yes, to evaluate location and severity of compressive extradural lesions

25
Q

Where do most vertebral fractures and luxation occur?

A

Regional junctions

26
Q

What is the sensitivity for finding spinal fractures or luxations of radiographs?

A

Fractures 72%

Subluxations 78%

27
Q

When using the three-compartment approach when evaluating the spine for fractures and luxations what are the three areas? What are they made of?

A

Dorsal: Vertebral arch, Articular process, ligaments

Middle: Spinal cord, dorsal longitudinal ligament, annulus fibrosus and dorsal margin of the vertebral body

Ventral: Remainder of the body, annulus, ventral longitudinal ligament.

28
Q

What can be said when using the three-compartment approach on spinal trauma?

A

If two or more compartments (dorsal, middle and ventral) are involved than the fracture is considered unstable and needs stabilization

29
Q

What are the most common sites for disc prolapse in the cervical region? Thoracolumbar region?

A

C2-3 and C3-4

T12-T13 and T13-L1

30
Q

What is spondylosis deformans?

A

Entheses of the intervertebral disc - specifically the sharpey fibers that attach to the vertebral bodies and dorsal longitudinal ligament.

31
Q

Spondylitis means?

A

Infllamation of the vertebrae

32
Q

What are the radiographic features of spondylitis?

A

Increase opacity of the vertebral body with periosteal reaction.

33
Q

What are the common causes of spondylitis?

A

S. Lupi

Plant awn

microbial infection (paraspinal abscesses)

34
Q

S. Lupi spondylosis commonly affects the vertebral bodies?

A

T8-T11

35
Q

Does a negative radiograph rule out discospondylitis?

A

Nope

36
Q

To be classified as an osteophyte the extension of bone needs to be next to what?

A

Synovial joint.

37
Q

The dogs spinal cord terminates near the level of what?

A

L6-L7

38
Q

The cats spinal cord terminates where?

A

L7

39
Q

what is the conus medullaris?

A

The termination of the spinal cord.

40
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

Collection of nerve roots that lie within the vertebral canal caudal to the termination of the spinal cord.

41
Q

Elongation of what in dogs with trasitional vertebrae at the lumbosacral region, predisposes them to stenosis and cauda equina pain?

A

Elongation of the dorsal sacral lamina.

42
Q

What type of dog are over represented for vertebral neoplasia?

A

Large dogs

43
Q

What are the most common primary vertebral neoplasms in dogs?

A

Primary bone tumors.

44
Q

Article: What is the most common spot for a primary vertebral neoplasm to be? metastatic?

A

Primary - Thorax

Mets - Lumbar

45
Q

What are the 7 criteria to help distinguish DISH from spondylosis?

A
  1. Bridging along at least 3 vertebral bodies
  2. Relative preservation of the disc-space
  3. Osteoarthritis of the dorsal intervertebral process joints
  4. Pseudoarthrosis of the spinous process
  5. Enthesopathy of soft tissue attachments in both axial and appendicular skeleton
  6. Bony ankylosis of the pubic symphysis
  7. Osteophytes, sclerosis and ankylosis of the sacroiliac joints
46
Q

Top differential for the vertebral bodies?

A

Mucopolysaccharidosis type 6

Vertebral epiphyseal dysplasia

47
Q

What are the radiographic changes of mucopolysaccharidosis?

A

Vertebral epiphyseal dysplasia

Epiphyseal dysplasia of the long bones

Abnormal nasal conchal development

Coxofemoral luxation

48
Q

What is senile osteopenia?

A

Old people/animal osteopenia

49
Q
A

Thrall (19 decks)

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