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Thrall > Repro > Flashcards

Repro Flashcards

1
Q

Three parts of the urethra?

A

Prostatic

Membranous

Penile

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2
Q

Difference between cat and dog prostate?

A

Cat prostate just goes around the dorsolateral aspect of the prostatic urethra Dog is all the way around

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3
Q

Where does the external urethral orifice lay in a female

A

vestibulovaginal junction

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4
Q

Retrograde urethragram is done with what type of contrast?

A

Iodinated, water soluble

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5
Q

What views are need to assess the urethra?

A

Laterals with extended and flexed hips

Lateral obliques

VD

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6
Q

How much contrast should be given for urethragram?

A

5-20ml (50/50 solution)

Take rads while giving the last 2 ml

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7
Q

Another way to do a urethragram in a female is?

A

vaginourethrocystogram

Foley in the vestibule

catheter in the vagina

Clamp vulva shut with foreceps

Fill vagina up with 1ml/kg of contrast and it will leak into the urethra

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8
Q

What are complications of urethrogram?

A

Iatrogenic rupture

Infection

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9
Q

What is this?

A

Urethral plug/obstruction in a male cat

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10
Q

How can you tell the difference between a stone and air bubble on urethrogram?

A

Bubbles are smooth and stones are rough edges

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11
Q

The os penis is sometimes mistaken for a urethral calculi when it has a?

A

Separate center of ossification - rare

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12
Q

What is your ddx?

A

Thickening of the urethral

Neoplasia (TCC)

Inflammation (granulomatosis urethritis)

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13
Q

How do you differentiate a stricture from inadequate dilation or spasm?

A

Irregular margins

Dilations of urethra prox from the lesion

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14
Q

Urethral fistulas…are they a thing and if so, when do they happen.

A

Yes

Previous trauma

congenital

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15
Q

What are urethrograms good at diagnosing?

A

Strictures (congenital, inflammatory, neoplasia)

Calculi

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16
Q

DDx for enlarged prostate?

A

BPH

Prostitis

Cyst

Neoplasia (prostatic or Testicular)

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17
Q

Ochitis and testicular tumors can cause the prostate to?

A

Increase in size

18
Q

Most common prostatic disorder?

A

Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)

This is increase in INTERcellular volume rather than an increase in the number of cells

19
Q

Chronic BPH causes what in the prostate?

A

Cysts! from dilations of ducts and spaces

20
Q

Cysts can predispose the prostate to what?

A

Infection…just like cystic endometreosis

21
Q

Second most common condition of the prostate?

A

Prostitis - mostly bacterial

  1. Hard for antibiotics to reach
  2. Can be a nexis of infection for other systems if not cleared
22
Q

Types of prostitis?

A

Fluminant hemorrhage and emphysematous causing rupture

to

Mild

23
Q

What can a ruptured prostate cause

A

Peritonitis (abscessed prostate or just prostitis)

24
Q

Uterus masculinus is?

A

Cystic expansion of the muellerin ducts causing uterine like structures just dorsal to the bladder.

25
Q

Is prostatic adenocarinoma common?

Where does it like to spread?

A

No

Regional LN, lungs, liver

26
Q

Clinical signs of prostatic disease?

A

Ribbon like feces

Stranuria, hematuria, pyuria

Abdnormal gait

Painful on abdominal palpation

27
Q

What is the vesicoprostatic sign/junction?

28
Q

Prostate that exceeds 90% of the sarcal pubic distance is suggestive of?

A

Neoplasia, abscess, cyst

aka mass lesion

However, size is hugely variable! anything can be anything. BPH up to 10x the normal size

29
Q

Inflammation around the prostate can cause?

A

Focal loss of detail.. look for that also

30
Q

Mineralization of the prostate is indicative of?

A

Long standing prostatis

Neoplasia

31
Q

Whispy or streaked mineralization in an early neutered dog is concerning for?

32
Q

Intrapelvic, prostatic and urinary tumors like to mets to?

A

Lumbar and sarcal vertebra (ventral body)

33
Q

Poor prognostic indicators for prostate disease include

A

Gas in prostate

Invasion or compression of urethra

34
Q

Should contrast in the prostate from urethrogram be concerning?

A

Only if it pools… small amounts in the ducts is fine

Filling defect of the dorsal urethra at the level of the prostate is normal

35
Q

The prostate is easier to image from what side of the os penis on US?

36
Q

Symmetrical enlargement likely?

A

BPH

Though chronicity and cyst development can fuck up symmetrical enlargement

37
Q

Prostatic disease is common in cats T/F

A

FALSE… very rare

38
Q

How far out from parturition does certain bones mineralize?

39
Q

Signs of fetal demise on ultrasound?

A

Overlapping of skull bones

No heart beat

Fetus curled into tight ball

Gas in within or around fetus

Collapse of fetal skeleton

Thrall (19 decks)

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