Repro Flashcards
Three parts of the urethra?
Prostatic
Membranous
Penile

Difference between cat and dog prostate?
Cat prostate just goes around the dorsolateral aspect of the prostatic urethra Dog is all the way around
Where does the external urethral orifice lay in a female
vestibulovaginal junction
Retrograde urethragram is done with what type of contrast?
Iodinated, water soluble
What views are need to assess the urethra?
Laterals with extended and flexed hips
Lateral obliques
VD
How much contrast should be given for urethragram?
5-20ml (50/50 solution)
Take rads while giving the last 2 ml
Another way to do a urethragram in a female is?
vaginourethrocystogram
Foley in the vestibule
catheter in the vagina
Clamp vulva shut with foreceps
Fill vagina up with 1ml/kg of contrast and it will leak into the urethra
What are complications of urethrogram?
Iatrogenic rupture
Infection
What is this?

Urethral plug/obstruction in a male cat
How can you tell the difference between a stone and air bubble on urethrogram?
Bubbles are smooth and stones are rough edges

The os penis is sometimes mistaken for a urethral calculi when it has a?
Separate center of ossification - rare

What is your ddx?

Thickening of the urethral
Neoplasia (TCC)
Inflammation (granulomatosis urethritis)
How do you differentiate a stricture from inadequate dilation or spasm?
Irregular margins
Dilations of urethra prox from the lesion
Urethral fistulas…are they a thing and if so, when do they happen.
Yes
Previous trauma
congenital
What are urethrograms good at diagnosing?
Strictures (congenital, inflammatory, neoplasia)
Calculi
DDx for enlarged prostate?
BPH
Prostitis
Cyst
Neoplasia (prostatic or Testicular)
Ochitis and testicular tumors can cause the prostate to?
Increase in size
Most common prostatic disorder?
Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
This is increase in INTERcellular volume rather than an increase in the number of cells
Chronic BPH causes what in the prostate?
Cysts! from dilations of ducts and spaces
Cysts can predispose the prostate to what?
Infection…just like cystic endometreosis
Second most common condition of the prostate?
Prostitis - mostly bacterial
- Hard for antibiotics to reach
- Can be a nexis of infection for other systems if not cleared
Types of prostitis?
Fluminant hemorrhage and emphysematous causing rupture
to
Mild
What can a ruptured prostate cause
Peritonitis (abscessed prostate or just prostitis)
Uterus masculinus is?
Cystic expansion of the muellerin ducts causing uterine like structures just dorsal to the bladder.
Is prostatic adenocarinoma common?
Where does it like to spread?
No
Regional LN, lungs, liver
Clinical signs of prostatic disease?
Ribbon like feces
Stranuria, hematuria, pyuria
Abdnormal gait
Painful on abdominal palpation
What is the vesicoprostatic sign/junction?

Prostate that exceeds 90% of the sarcal pubic distance is suggestive of?
Neoplasia, abscess, cyst
aka mass lesion
However, size is hugely variable! anything can be anything. BPH up to 10x the normal size
Inflammation around the prostate can cause?
Focal loss of detail.. look for that also
Mineralization of the prostate is indicative of?
Long standing prostatis
Neoplasia
Whispy or streaked mineralization in an early neutered dog is concerning for?
NEOPLASIA
Intrapelvic, prostatic and urinary tumors like to mets to?
Lumbar and sarcal vertebra (ventral body)
Poor prognostic indicators for prostate disease include
Gas in prostate
Invasion or compression of urethra
Should contrast in the prostate from urethrogram be concerning?
Only if it pools… small amounts in the ducts is fine
Filling defect of the dorsal urethra at the level of the prostate is normal

The prostate is easier to image from what side of the os penis on US?
The right
Symmetrical enlargement likely?
BPH
Though chronicity and cyst development can fuck up symmetrical enlargement
Prostatic disease is common in cats T/F
FALSE… very rare
How far out from parturition does certain bones mineralize?
Signs of fetal demise on ultrasound?
Overlapping of skull bones
No heart beat
Fetus curled into tight ball
Gas in within or around fetus
Collapse of fetal skeleton