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254 midterm > vertebrae > Flashcards

vertebrae Flashcards

1
Q

the vertebral column extends from where to where

A

from base of skull to pelvis

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2
Q

what is the main function of intervertebral discs

A

shock absorption

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3
Q

what is strong and flexible and supports trunk and weight of body

A

the vertebral column

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4
Q

what are the vertebrae held in place by

A

intervertebral discs, intervertebral ligaments and deep muscles of the back

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5
Q

regions of the vertebral column

A

33 vertebrae; 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused) and 4 coccygeal (fused)

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6
Q

what are the different parts of the typical vertebrae

A

body, vertebral arch (lamina and pedicles), spinous process, transverse process and articulating processes and facettes

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7
Q

what part of the vertebrae is weight bearing

A

the body

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8
Q

what type of joint joins up vertebrae above and below

A

zygapophyseal joints (diarthrosis synovial gliding)

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9
Q

what links the transverse to the spinous processes

A

lamina

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10
Q

what links the body to the transverse processes

A

pedicle

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11
Q

what is the diff btw vertebral foramen and vertebral canal

A

foramen is for only one vertebrae and canal is for all of them stacked

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12
Q

what are the characteristics of cervical vertebrae

A

provide support for head, they are smaller and lighter than any other vertebrae, they have a transverse foramen

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13
Q

which cervical have the most mobile of the c spine

A

c4-c5 and c5-c6

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14
Q

which c vertebrae is the most prominent and which of thos are often bifid

A

prominent: C7

C2-C6 are often bifid

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15
Q

characteristics of C1 (4):

A

articulates with occipital condyles, has no body, has large superior articulating processes with smooth cartilage covered surfaces and allows for flexion and extension motion at the head (yes nodding)

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16
Q

what cervical vertebrae allows side to side rotating, pivots around the odontoid process and is cause for whiplash injuries

A

C2

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17
Q

what are the characteristics of thoracic vertebrae

A

they are larger than cervical, they have long pointed spinous processes that project down, limiting mvt, they are the only vertebrae that articulate with the ribs (costovertebral joints), and they are unique to have smooth facets on their bodies and t processes to articulate with the ribs (except T11-T12)

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18
Q

what vertebrae are responsible for coronal plane rotation

A

thoracic vertebrae

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19
Q

what are the 4 ribs that only articulate with 1 vertebrae

A

T1, T10, T11 and T12

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20
Q

what types of facets do each of those vertebrae have (T1, T2-T8, T9 and T10-T12)

A

T1: sup facet and inf demi-facet
T2-T8: sup/inf demi facet
T9: sup demi facet
T10-T12: sup facet

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21
Q

what are the characteristics of lumbar vertebrae

A

larger and thicker than cervical and thoracic, L4-L5 and L5-S1 allow significant flexion and extension mvt therefore disc/facet degeneration are common at this level

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22
Q

at what level does the sc finish and what starts

A

L1 and the cauda equina begins

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23
Q

what are the characteristics of the sacrum b

A

large triangular b, forms post part of pelvis, results of the fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae (fused by age 30), spinous process are still present as the median sacral crest, discs are largely replaced by b.

24
Q

what are the four pairs of openings along side of median sacral crest

A

dorsal sacral foramina and ventral sacral foramina

25
Q

what bone is attached to the sacrum by ligaments

A

coccyx

26
Q

the sacrum is fused by what age

A

20-30 yo

27
Q

the curves may be affected by what factors (6)

A

posture, activity, obesity, pregnancy, trauma, disease

28
Q

what are the 3 types of abnormal curvatures

A

lordosis: L-spine exaggerated curve
Kyphosis: T-spine exaggerated curve
Scoliosis: lateral deviation of the spine from the midline

29
Q

what are the two types of scoliosis

A

structural (born with it) or functional (developed with time)

30
Q

side bent all the time can cause what

A

nucleus tends to herniate (will be pushed out)

31
Q

what are the characteristics of intervertebral discs

A

permits various mvt of the column, outer fibrous ring (annulous fibrosus), inner highly elastic structure (nucleus pulposus)

32
Q

what vertebraes dont have intervertebral discs

A

btw occiput and C1 and btw C1 and C2

33
Q

where is the last disc

A

btw S5 and Co1

34
Q

what structures make up the thoracic cage

A

T-vertebrae, sternum and ribs

35
Q

what supports the shoulder girdle and upper limbs and forms a partial enclosure around the organs of the chest and inf portion is virtually sealed by the thoracic diaphragm

A

the thoracic cage

36
Q

what are the 3 parts of the sternum

A

manubrium (sup): 1st rib
body (middle): ribs 2-10
xyphoid process (inf): doesnt articulate with anything

37
Q

what bone articulates with 2 clavicles superiorly and ribs by way of cartilages along its lateral borders

A

sternum

38
Q

how many pairs of ribs are there

A

12

39
Q

which ribs articulate with what other structures

A

each rib attaches to T-vertebrae (on body and transverse process) and each attaches to sternum via costal cartilage

40
Q

which ribs are qualified as true, false and floating

A

true: 1st 7 pairs
false: remaining 5 pairs
floating: last 2 pairs (or sometimes 3)

41
Q

a typical rib has what

A

shaft, head, tubercle, costal groove

42
Q

what is the space called inbtw each rib

A

intercostal space

43
Q

what pourcentage of respiratory effort is done by rib mvt

A

25%

44
Q

what are the 3 groups of paravertebral muscles

A

superficial, deep and intermediate

45
Q

what does extrinsic and intrinsic mean for paravertebral m.

A

extrinsic means that the origin and the insertion aren’t in the same place so it doesn’t move the spine (superficial group) whereas intrinsic m. have their origin and insertion in the same place (intermediate group)

46
Q

what muscles are part of the superficial group (5)

A

trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboids and psoas major

47
Q

what are the functions of the superficial group

A

control limb mvt, connect upper limb to trunk, most n. supply from ventral rami of cervical n.

48
Q

what m. are part of the intermediate group

A

serratus post sup; inne. by 1st 4 intercostal n. (deep to rhomboids) and serratus post inf inne. by last 4 intercostal n.(deep to latissimus dorsi)

49
Q

what is the function of the intermediate group

A

control respiratory mvt

50
Q

what are the function of the deep intrinsic m group

A

divided into 3 more layers, inne by dorsal rami of spinal n., maintains posture, controls movement of the vertebral column and extends from pelvis to the skull

51
Q

what and where is the fascia for the deep intrinsic group

A

attaches medially to ligamentum nuchae, spinous process, supraspinous lig and median sacral crest
attaches laterally to cervical and lumbar transverse process and rib angles
thoracic and lumbar part make up the thoracolumbar fascia

52
Q

which m. is part of the superficial instinsic m. layer (part of deep)

A

splenius m. (splenius cervicis/cervical vertebrae and splenius capitis/skull)
located on posterolateral aspect of neck, covers vertical neck m., hold deep m. in position

53
Q

which m. is part of the intermediate intrinsic layer (deep)

A

erector spinae:
chief extensor m. of vertebral column
divides into 3 m. with common origins (iliocostalis/lat, longissimus/intermediate and spinalis/medial)

54
Q

the subdivisions such as lumborum, thoracis, cervicis or capitis are named according to what

A

they are named according to its superior attachment

55
Q

deep intrinsic m. layer includes what muscles (6)

A 
semispinalis (capitis, thoracis and cervicis)
multifidus
rotatores
interspinalis
intertransversarii
levator costarum
56
Q

what 3 muscles are know as the transversospinal m. group

A

semispinalis, multifidus and rotatores

254 midterm (11 decks)

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