Special sense Flashcards
1
Q
what are the special senses
A
smell
taste
vision
hearing and equilibrium
2
Q
what is olfaction
A
sens of smell
3
Q
what are the 3 types of cells in olfaction
A
olfactory receptor cells
suporting cells
basal stem cells
4
Q
olfactory receptor cells
A
bipolar neurons
sites of olfactory transduction
respond to chemical stimulation of an odorant molecule and initiate olfactory response
CI
5
Q
where do the olfactory receptor cells axons project
A
through cribriform plate into oflactory bulb
6
Q
supporting cells
A
columnar epithelial cells that line the nose
provide physical support, nourish and insulate the olfactory rec. cells
help detoxify chemicals that come in contact with the olfactory epithelium
CVII
7
Q
basal stem cells
A
btw bases of supporting cells
produce new olfactory rec. cells
1 cell lives 1 month
8
Q
what decreases with age with olfactory cells
A
# decrease sensitivity decreases
9
Q
where do you start consciously smelling
A
in the temporal lobe
10
Q
where do you remember a smell
A
in the mamillary body
11
Q
does the smell go through the thalamus at first
A
no
12
Q
what is gustation
A
taste
13
Q
what are the 4 major classes of taste stimuli
A
sour
sweet
bitter
salty
14
Q
what is umami
A
savoury meaty taste
15
Q
are odor and taste related
A
yes
16
Q
where are the taste receptors located
A
in the taste buds
17
Q
where are the taste buds located
A
tongue
soft palate
pharynx and larynx
18
Q
t/f the number of taste buds does not decrease with age
A
false
19
Q
what are the 3 components of taste buds
A
supporting cells
gustatory receptor cells
basal cells
20
Q
gustatory receptor cells
A
synapse with dendrites of a sensory neuron
21
Q
taste buds are housed in
A
papillae: circumvallate fungiform foliate filiform (early development, sand paper texture, keeps food from sliping)
22
Q
location of papillae
A
see silde 18 -19
23
Q
what are the cranial nerves involved in the gustatory pathway
A
VII, IX, X
24
Q
gustatory pathway
A
taste buds cranial nerves medulla oblongata limbic system and hypothalamus or thalamus primary gustatory area - parietal lobe
25
what are the accessory structures of the eye
```
eyelids
eyelashes
eyebrows
lacrimal apparatus
extrinsic eye muscles
```
26
eyelids
levator palpabrae superioris m.
palpabral fissure
lateral and medial commissure
lacrimal caruncle (contains sebaceous glands and sudoriferous glands)
27
layers of eyelid
```
epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous tissue
orbicularis oculi m
tarsus
conjunctiva (palpabrae part)
```
28
eyelashes/eyebrows functions
protect eyeball form foreign object
protect eyeball from perspiration
protect eyeball from direct rays of the sun
sebaceous glands at the base of the eyelashes release a lubricating fluid into the hair follicles
29
lacrimal apparatus
produce and drain lacrimal fluid
30
what do tears contain and what is their function
salts
mucous
lyzosyme
protect, clean, lubricate/moisten
31
what are associated structures of the lacrimal apparatus
```
lacrimal glands
lacrimal ducts
lacrimal punctum
lacrimal canal
nasolacrimal duct
```
32
what are the muscles of the eye
```
superior rectus
inferior rectus
lateral rectus
medial rectus
superior oblique
inferior oblique
```
33
how big is the eyeball
2.5cm in diameter
34
what are the 3 layer of the eye
```
fibrous tunic (sclera)
vascular tunic (choroid)
retina
```
35
fibrous tunic
superficial
ant: cornea, helps focus light on retina
Post: sclera gives shape and protects inner eye
36
vascular tunic
intermediate
- choroid, provides nutrients to retina
- ciliary body, ciliary process and m. (alters shape of lens)
- iris, responds to change in light levels, circular vs radial m.
37
to focus on something far the lens needs to be
more flat, suspensory lig. needs to be tighter and ciliary m. need to be relaxed
38
to focus on something close the lens needs to be
round, ligs loosen and m. contracted
39
what acts as a sphincter in the eye
the 2 different fibers directions of the ciliary m.
40
what constrics and dilates the pupil
the iris
41
retina
```
deep
optic disc
central retinal a and v
pigment epithelium (non-visual)
neural portion (visual)
```
42
t/f the optic disc is more lateral
false medial
43
t/f the macula lutea is around the optic disc
false, around fovea centralis
44
what is the pigment epithelium
deepest layer of retinal wall that the light will hit
| sheet of melanin containing epithelial cells located btw choroid and neural portion
45
melanin
also found in choroid
absorbs stray light rays, prevents reflections and scattering of light within the eyeball
the image cast by the retina remains sharp and clear
46
what is the neural portion of the retina
multi-layered part which processes the visual data before transmitting nerve impulses to the thalamus
47
what are the 3 layers of the neural portion of the retina
photoreceptor layer (rods and cones)
bipolar cell layer
ganglion cell layer
*deep to superficial*
48
what are 2 other types of cells in the neural portion
horizontal and amacrine cells
49
what is the sequence of events when the light comes in the eye
```
ganglion cell layer
bipolar cell layer
outer synaptic layer
photoreceptor cell layer
pigmented layer
```
50
what is the sequence of events of the processing of information when the light comes in the eye
```
pigmented layer
photoreceptor cell layer
outer synaptic layer
bipolar cell layer
inner synaptic layer
ganglion cell layer
optic nerve axons
optic nerve
```
51
what are the 2 types of photoreceptors
rods: low light thershold, allows sight in dim light
cones: bright light, color vision
52
what photoreceptor is in the fovea centralis
cones
53
what are other structures of the retina
```
macula lutea
fovea centralis (sharpness of vision)
optic disc (blind spot)
```
54
lens
```
avascular
post to pupil and iris
composed of proteins
normally transparent
held by suspensory lig
focus light rays
facilitates clear vision
```
55
what contains the anterior cavity if the eye
aqueous humour
56
what contains the posterior cavity of the eye
vitrous humour
57
the visual pathway in the retina
beginning of significant processing and interpretation of the visual signs
axons of the retinal ganglion cells provide output from the retina to the brain
initiated by rods and cones that will release neurotransmitters which lead to the generation of nerve impulses
58
visual pathway in the brain
axons of optic nerves pass through optic chiasma
medial fibers cross over
fibers form optic tract, enter the brain and terminate in thalamus
optic radiations project to visual areas in the occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex after synapsing in thalamus
59
do all optic fibers end in the thalamus
no, some bypass and go to sup colliculi
60
what are the 3 regions of the ear
external ear
middle ear
internal ear
61
what composes the external ear
auricle
external auditory canal, lies in temp bone, specialized oil glands
tympanic membrane, covered by epidermis
62
what is the tympanic membrane between
auditory canal and middle ear
63
what produces wax
specialized oil glands
| protects from dust and foreign objects
64
what composes the middle ear
```
malleus
incus
stapes
lies in temporal bone
air filled cavity lined with epithelium
```
65
what are the ossicles
malleus, articulates with tympanic membrane and incus
incus, articulates with stapes and malleus
stapes, articulates with incus and sits on oval window
66
what muscles attach to the ossicles
tensor tympani
| stapedius
67
eustachian tube
bone and hyaline cartilage
connects middle ear and nasopharynx
allows air to enter and leave the middle ear until pressure = atmospheric pressure
68
what are the 2 parts of the inner ear
outer bony labyrinth
| inner membranous labyrinth
69
what composes the bony labyrinth
semi-circular canals
vestibule
cochlea
contains perilymph
70
what composes the membranous labyrinth
utricle and saccule
semi-circular ducts
contains endolymph
71
vestibulocochlear nerve
```
vestibular branch (sensory and motor)
cochlear branch (sensory)
```
72
vestibular branch
ampullar, utricular, saccular nerves
| synapse with receptor cells for equilibrium
73
cochlear branch
hearing
74
cochlea
```
ant to vestibule
spirals around modiolus
divides into 3 channels
scala vestibule
scala tymani
cochlear duct
```
75
where does the scala tympani and vestibule connect
helicotrema
76
what are the 2 membranes in the cochlea
vestibular membrane
| basilar membrane
77
the vestibular membrane
separates cochlear duct from scala vestibuli
78
the basilar membrane
separates cochlear duct and scala tympani
79
what is the organ of corti
rests on basilar membrane
coiled sheet of epithelial cells
synapses with sensory and motor neurons from the cochlear branch of CNVIII
80
see pictures of hearing and balance mechanisms
p85-87
