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254 midterm > Special sense > Flashcards

Special sense Flashcards

1
Q

what are the special senses

A

smell
taste
vision
hearing and equilibrium

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2
Q

what is olfaction

A

sens of smell

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3
Q

what are the 3 types of cells in olfaction

A

olfactory receptor cells
suporting cells
basal stem cells

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4
Q

olfactory receptor cells

A

bipolar neurons
sites of olfactory transduction
respond to chemical stimulation of an odorant molecule and initiate olfactory response
CI

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5
Q

where do the olfactory receptor cells axons project

A

through cribriform plate into oflactory bulb

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6
Q

supporting cells

A

columnar epithelial cells that line the nose
provide physical support, nourish and insulate the olfactory rec. cells
help detoxify chemicals that come in contact with the olfactory epithelium
CVII

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7
Q

basal stem cells

A

btw bases of supporting cells
produce new olfactory rec. cells
1 cell lives 1 month

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8
Q

what decreases with age with olfactory cells

A 
# decrease
sensitivity decreases
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9
Q

where do you start consciously smelling

A

in the temporal lobe

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10
Q

where do you remember a smell

A

in the mamillary body

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11
Q

does the smell go through the thalamus at first

A

no

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12
Q

what is gustation

A

taste

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13
Q

what are the 4 major classes of taste stimuli

A

sour
sweet
bitter
salty

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14
Q

what is umami

A

savoury meaty taste

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15
Q

are odor and taste related

A

yes

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16
Q

where are the taste receptors located

A

in the taste buds

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17
Q

where are the taste buds located

A

tongue
soft palate
pharynx and larynx

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18
Q

t/f the number of taste buds does not decrease with age

A

false

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19
Q

what are the 3 components of taste buds

A

supporting cells
gustatory receptor cells
basal cells

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20
Q

gustatory receptor cells

A

synapse with dendrites of a sensory neuron

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21
Q

taste buds are housed in

A 
papillae:
circumvallate
fungiform
foliate
filiform (early development, sand paper texture, keeps food from sliping)
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22
Q

location of papillae

A

see silde 18 -19

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23
Q

what are the cranial nerves involved in the gustatory pathway

A

VII, IX, X

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24
Q

gustatory pathway

A 
taste buds
cranial nerves
medulla oblongata
limbic system and hypothalamus or thalamus
primary gustatory area - parietal lobe
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25
Q

what are the accessory structures of the eye

A 
eyelids
eyelashes
eyebrows
lacrimal apparatus
extrinsic eye muscles
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26
Q

eyelids

A

levator palpabrae superioris m.
palpabral fissure
lateral and medial commissure
lacrimal caruncle (contains sebaceous glands and sudoriferous glands)

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27
Q

layers of eyelid

A 
epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous tissue
orbicularis oculi m
tarsus
conjunctiva (palpabrae part)
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28
Q

eyelashes/eyebrows functions

A

protect eyeball form foreign object
protect eyeball from perspiration
protect eyeball from direct rays of the sun
sebaceous glands at the base of the eyelashes release a lubricating fluid into the hair follicles

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29
Q

lacrimal apparatus

A

produce and drain lacrimal fluid

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30
Q

what do tears contain and what is their function

A

salts
mucous
lyzosyme
protect, clean, lubricate/moisten

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31
Q

what are associated structures of the lacrimal apparatus

A 
lacrimal glands
lacrimal ducts
lacrimal punctum
lacrimal canal
nasolacrimal duct
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32
Q

what are the muscles of the eye

A 
superior rectus
inferior rectus
lateral rectus
medial rectus
superior oblique
inferior oblique
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33
Q

how big is the eyeball

A

2.5cm in diameter

34
Q

what are the 3 layer of the eye

A 
fibrous tunic (sclera)
vascular tunic (choroid)
retina
35
Q

fibrous tunic

A

superficial
ant: cornea, helps focus light on retina
Post: sclera gives shape and protects inner eye

36
Q

vascular tunic

A

intermediate

  • choroid, provides nutrients to retina
  • ciliary body, ciliary process and m. (alters shape of lens)
  • iris, responds to change in light levels, circular vs radial m.
37
Q

to focus on something far the lens needs to be

A

more flat, suspensory lig. needs to be tighter and ciliary m. need to be relaxed

38
Q

to focus on something close the lens needs to be

A

round, ligs loosen and m. contracted

39
Q

what acts as a sphincter in the eye

A

the 2 different fibers directions of the ciliary m.

40
Q

what constrics and dilates the pupil

A

the iris

41
Q

retina

A 
deep
optic disc 
central retinal a and v
pigment epithelium (non-visual)
neural portion (visual)
42
Q

t/f the optic disc is more lateral

A

false medial

43
Q

t/f the macula lutea is around the optic disc

A

false, around fovea centralis

44
Q

what is the pigment epithelium

A

deepest layer of retinal wall that the light will hit

sheet of melanin containing epithelial cells located btw choroid and neural portion

45
Q

melanin

A

also found in choroid
absorbs stray light rays, prevents reflections and scattering of light within the eyeball
the image cast by the retina remains sharp and clear

46
Q

what is the neural portion of the retina

A

multi-layered part which processes the visual data before transmitting nerve impulses to the thalamus

47
Q

what are the 3 layers of the neural portion of the retina

A

photoreceptor layer (rods and cones)
bipolar cell layer
ganglion cell layer
deep to superficial

48
Q

what are 2 other types of cells in the neural portion

A

horizontal and amacrine cells

49
Q

what is the sequence of events when the light comes in the eye

A 
ganglion cell layer
bipolar cell layer
outer synaptic layer
photoreceptor cell layer
pigmented layer
50
Q

what is the sequence of events of the processing of information when the light comes in the eye

A 
pigmented layer
photoreceptor cell layer
outer synaptic layer
bipolar cell layer
inner synaptic layer
ganglion cell layer
optic nerve axons
optic nerve
51
Q

what are the 2 types of photoreceptors

A

rods: low light thershold, allows sight in dim light
cones: bright light, color vision

52
Q

what photoreceptor is in the fovea centralis

A

cones

53
Q

what are other structures of the retina

A 
macula lutea
fovea centralis (sharpness of vision)
optic disc (blind spot)
54
Q

lens

A 
avascular
post to pupil and iris
composed of proteins
normally transparent
held by suspensory lig
focus light rays
facilitates clear vision
55
Q

what contains the anterior cavity if the eye

A

aqueous humour

56
Q

what contains the posterior cavity of the eye

A

vitrous humour

57
Q

the visual pathway in the retina

A

beginning of significant processing and interpretation of the visual signs
axons of the retinal ganglion cells provide output from the retina to the brain
initiated by rods and cones that will release neurotransmitters which lead to the generation of nerve impulses

58
Q

visual pathway in the brain

A

axons of optic nerves pass through optic chiasma
medial fibers cross over
fibers form optic tract, enter the brain and terminate in thalamus
optic radiations project to visual areas in the occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex after synapsing in thalamus

59
Q

do all optic fibers end in the thalamus

A

no, some bypass and go to sup colliculi

60
Q

what are the 3 regions of the ear

A

external ear
middle ear
internal ear

61
Q

what composes the external ear

A

auricle
external auditory canal, lies in temp bone, specialized oil glands
tympanic membrane, covered by epidermis

62
Q

what is the tympanic membrane between

A

auditory canal and middle ear

63
Q

what produces wax

A

specialized oil glands

protects from dust and foreign objects

64
Q

what composes the middle ear

A 
malleus
incus
stapes
lies in temporal bone
air filled cavity lined with epithelium
65
Q

what are the ossicles

A

malleus, articulates with tympanic membrane and incus
incus, articulates with stapes and malleus
stapes, articulates with incus and sits on oval window

66
Q

what muscles attach to the ossicles

A

tensor tympani

stapedius

67
Q

eustachian tube

A

bone and hyaline cartilage
connects middle ear and nasopharynx
allows air to enter and leave the middle ear until pressure = atmospheric pressure

68
Q

what are the 2 parts of the inner ear

A

outer bony labyrinth

inner membranous labyrinth

69
Q

what composes the bony labyrinth

A

semi-circular canals
vestibule
cochlea
contains perilymph

70
Q

what composes the membranous labyrinth

A

utricle and saccule
semi-circular ducts
contains endolymph

71
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve

A 
vestibular branch (sensory and motor)
cochlear branch (sensory)
72
Q

vestibular branch

A

ampullar, utricular, saccular nerves

synapse with receptor cells for equilibrium

73
Q

cochlear branch

A

hearing

74
Q

cochlea

A 
ant to vestibule
spirals around modiolus
divides into 3 channels
scala vestibule
scala tymani
cochlear duct
75
Q

where does the scala tympani and vestibule connect

A

helicotrema

76
Q

what are the 2 membranes in the cochlea

A

vestibular membrane

basilar membrane

77
Q

the vestibular membrane

A

separates cochlear duct from scala vestibuli

78
Q

the basilar membrane

A

separates cochlear duct and scala tympani

79
Q

what is the organ of corti

A

rests on basilar membrane
coiled sheet of epithelial cells
synapses with sensory and motor neurons from the cochlear branch of CNVIII

80
Q

see pictures of hearing and balance mechanisms

A

p85-87

254 midterm (11 decks)

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