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254 midterm > CNS brain > Flashcards

CNS brain Flashcards

1
Q

what controls the activities of the body

A

the brain

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2
Q

from where does the brain receive the info about the body’s inner workings and the outside world

A

via the sc and PNS

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3
Q

what is a gyri

A

outward folds of the brain

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4
Q

what is a sulci

A

tiny cracks on the surface of the brain

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5
Q

what is the difference btw a sulcus and a fissure

A

a sulcus is less deep than a fissure

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6
Q

what increases the surface area of the brain

A

the gyri and the sulci

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7
Q

what sits in btw the precentral and post central gyri

A

the central sulcus (of Rolando)

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8
Q

characteristics of pre central gyrus

A 
motor cortex (grey matter) 
the tracts that leave here descend: pyramidal tracts (pyramids in brain stem) or corticospinal tracts (cortex -> sc)
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9
Q

characteristics of post central gyrus

A 
sensory cortex (thalamus is a gateway to cortex)
spinothalamic tracts (sc to thalamus) and spinocerebellar tracts (sc to cerebellum)
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10
Q

when would you feel pain according to post central gyrus

A

postcentral: only know where the pain is when it reaches the area where the pain originated

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11
Q

what are the 4 major fissures

A

longitudinal cerebral fissure
transverse fissure
lateral sulci/fissure
central sulcus

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12
Q

what seperates (partially) the 2 cerebral hemispheres from front to back, is a deep sulcus and is occupied by the falx cerebri

A

the longitudinal cerebral fissure

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13
Q

what lies btw the occipital lobe and the cerebellum, is a dural membrane and the tentorium cerebelli lies in it

A

the transverse fissure

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14
Q

what dural extension separates the 2 cerebellar hemispheres

A

falx cerebelli

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15
Q

what sulcus is found btw the temporal and the frontal lobe

A

the lateral cerebral sulcus

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16
Q

what sulcus is found btw the frontal and the parietal lobes

A

the central sulcus

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17
Q

in embryo what are the three cavities that form from the neural tube and what are each of their subdivisions

A

forebrain: prosencephalon (telencephalon, diencephalon)
midbrain: mesencephalon
hindbrain: rhombencephalon (metencephalon, myelenceohalon)

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18
Q

what are the five secondary brain vesicles

A 
telencephelon --> cerebrum
diencephalon --> thalamus, hypothalamus & epithalamus
mesencephalon --> midbrain
metencephalon --> pons, cerebellum
myelencephalon --> medulla oblangata
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19
Q

what is the biggest part of the brain and is part of the

telencephalon

A

cerebrum

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20
Q

what does the cerebrum divide into (sagittal plane)

A

right and left cerebral hemispheres

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21
Q

the left cerebral hemisphere controls activities on what side of the body

A

the right side

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22
Q

what is a hemisphere

A

a mirror image of the other hemisphere in many ways but with functional distinctions btw them

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23
Q

in most people, where is the development and use of language situated

A

in the left hemisphere (people that are left side dominant are better with language)

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24
Q

where are three dimensional visualization and artistic creations located

A

right hemisphere

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25
Q

each hemisphere is separated into what 4 lobes

A

occipital, frontal, temporal and parietal

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26
Q

what is the 5th lobe and where is it located

A

the insula which lies deep to the cortex medial to the temporal lobe

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27
Q

what is the diff btw grey and white matter

A

grey matter is cerebral cortex (conscious mind) and is unmyelinated
white matter is myelinated; it is axons that carry signals from one place to another

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28
Q

the internal white matter contains myelinated fibers (tracts) that extend into which 3 directions

A

commissural tracts
association tracts
projection tracts

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29
Q

what is the difference btw the 3 diff tracts

A

commissural: bridge btw 2 hemi, so it crosses over (from one hemi to the other)
association: connects 2 diff areas of the same region
projection: from one region to another (from cerebellum to cerebellum)

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30
Q

what is the basal ganglia made of and what are its 3 major structures

A

made up of several masses of gray matter (nuclei)

it includes; caudate nucleus, amygdala (amygdaloid body and nucleus) and lentiform nucleus (globus pallidus and putamen)

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31
Q

what shape does the caudate nucleus follow

A

it follows the shape of the ventricles

32
Q

what divides the lat ventricles

A

septum pellucidum

33
Q

T/F the claustrum belongs to the basal ganglia

A

false

34
Q

what is the main relay station for motor impulses

A

basal ganglia

35
Q

what controls large unconscious mvt of skeletal m and also controls initiation, termination and intensity

A

basal ganglia

36
Q

what disorders can be caused by problems in the basal ganglia (2) and why do they happen

A

muscle spasticity and parkinsons

bc there is a disruption of the muscle mvt integrity

37
Q

what structures are part of the diencephalon and what are the 2 most prominent

A

the epithalamus, thalamus and hypothalamus

the two most prominent are thalamus and hypothalamus

38
Q

what are the 2 endocrine glands associated with the diencephalon

A

pineal gland and pituitary gland

39
Q

where is the epithalamus situated

A

just inf to fornix

40
Q

what surrounds the 3rd ventricle, is made up of 2 masses of gray matter and is connected by the intermediate mass

A

thalamus

41
Q

what type of tract is the intermediate mass

A

commissural tract

42
Q

what is the main relay station for sensory impulses traveling to cerebral cortex

A

thalamus

43
Q

the thalamus also relays involuntary motor impulses travelling where and what state does it maintain

A

outwards and it maintains the state of consciousness

44
Q

what part of the brain is involved with early conscious recognition of sensations related to survival (touch and pressure)

A

thalamus

45
Q

what forms part of the roof of the third ventricle, secretes at least 1 hormone (melatonin) and may inhibit secretion of FHS and LH from ant. pituitary gland and regulates body rhythms

A

pineal gland

46
Q

what lies below the thalamus and is partially housed in the sella turcica

A

hypothalamus

47
Q

what part of the diencephalon controls many involuntary body activities (most of which have a direct effect of homeostasis) and is the control center of the ANS (digestion, respiration and HR)

A

hypothalamus

48
Q

what are the 6 main functions of the hypothalamus

A

control of the ANS
production of hormones (oxytocin and ADH)
reg. of emotional and behavioural patterns
reg of eating and drinking
control of blood/body temp
reg of awakening and sleep patterns (sets daily schedule)

49
Q

what are two projections from the hypothalamus

A

mammillary bodies: lies at base of brain and hypothalamus (2 round masses associated w smell)
pituitary gland; extends from mammillary bodies separated by tuber cinerium and has a pituitary stalk

50
Q

what is btw the diencephalon and the pons

A

the midbrain/ mesencephalon

51
Q

what is found in the midbrain/mesencephalon

A 
cerebral peduncles (stalks of white matter)
corpora quadrigemina: sup colliculi (sight) and inf colliculi (hearing)
52
Q

into what 2 parts does the rhombencephalon (hindbrain) divide into

A

metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)

myelencephalon (medulla oblangata)

53
Q

what part of the hindbrain consists of white matter and scattered masses of nuclei, controls reflexes for pulmonary system and is the connection btw sc and brain as well as parts of the brain with each other

A

pons

54
Q

what n. are associated with the pons

A

C V, VI, VII, VIII

55
Q

what is the center of the two hemispheres of the cerebellum called

A

vermis

56
Q

what is seen only in the sagittal section of the cerebellum

A

arbor vitae

57
Q

what do each of the cerebellar peduncles connect to

A

sup; connects w midbrain
middle; connects w pons
inferior; connects w brainstem

58
Q

what is the main region for posture and balance that fine tunes mvt thru cte feedback and resolves diff btw intended mvt and actual mvt

A

cerebellum

59
Q

what is the automatic pilot for motor responses

A

cerebellum

60
Q

what do the cerebellar peduncles do (3)

A

carry sensory info from sensory organs in m., jnt and inner ear
enables brain to determine status of voluntary motor activities, equilibrium and balance
coordinates and provides precision to skeletal m contraction initiated by cerebellum

61
Q

what structure is inf to pons and extends down until the sc and is lined with white matter inside and gray matter outside

A

medulla oblangata

62
Q

the white matter of the medulla oblongata consists of what types of nerve fibers extending btw the brain and sc

A

ascending (sensory) and descending (motor)

63
Q

what part of the medulla oblongata has motor info coming down

A

pyramids

64
Q

what is the only place where info can cross from one hemisphere to the other

A

decussation of the pyramids

65
Q

the grey matter of the medulla oblongata is responsible for what

A

reflex centers that play a role in visceral reflexes, consciousness and arousal

66
Q

which cranial n are associated w medulla oblongata

A

C VIII, IX, X, XI, XII

67
Q

what are the 3 reflex centers and what does they do

A 
cardiac center; HR reg (rate and force)
vasomotor center: regulates BP by varying the diameter of blood vessels
respiratory center (medullary rhythmicity area): controls depth and rhythm of breathing
68
Q

what structures protects the brain

A

skull, CSF and meninges

69
Q

what are the three meninges

A 
pia matter (gentle mother)
arachnoid layer (similar to spider web)
dura mater (tough mother): falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli
70
Q

T/F: the meninges of the brain are continuous with those of the sc

A

true

71
Q

CSF is produced within which ventricles

A 
lateral ventricles (one in each hemi)
third ventricle in center of diencephalon
fourth ventricle btw cerebellum and medulla oblongata
72
Q

what links the lateral and third ventricles

A

foramen of monroe (interventricular foramen)

73
Q

what links the third and fourth ventricles

A

cerebral aqueduct

74
Q

how is CSF formed

A

by filtration of blood plasma thru dens networks of capillaries called choroid plexus

75
Q

what does the capillary walls of the choroid plexus and supporting neuroglia form part of

A

blood brain barrier

254 midterm (11 decks)

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