CNS brain

Question 1

what controls the activities of the body

Answer 1

the brain

Question 2

from where does the brain receive the info about the body’s inner workings and the outside world

Answer 2

via the sc and PNS

Question 3

what is a gyri

Answer 3

outward folds of the brain

Question 4

what is a sulci

Answer 4

tiny cracks on the surface of the brain

Question 5

what is the difference btw a sulcus and a fissure

Answer 5

a sulcus is less deep than a fissure

Question 6

what increases the surface area of the brain

Answer 6

the gyri and the sulci

Question 7

what sits in btw the precentral and post central gyri

Answer 7

the central sulcus (of Rolando)

Question 8

characteristics of pre central gyrus

Answer 8

motor cortex (grey matter) 
the tracts that leave here descend: pyramidal tracts (pyramids in brain stem) or corticospinal tracts (cortex -> sc)

Question 9

characteristics of post central gyrus

Answer 9

sensory cortex (thalamus is a gateway to cortex)
spinothalamic tracts (sc to thalamus) and spinocerebellar tracts (sc to cerebellum)

Question 10

when would you feel pain according to post central gyrus

Answer 10

postcentral: only know where the pain is when it reaches the area where the pain originated

Question 11

what are the 4 major fissures

Answer 11

longitudinal cerebral fissure
transverse fissure
lateral sulci/fissure
central sulcus

Question 12

what seperates (partially) the 2 cerebral hemispheres from front to back, is a deep sulcus and is occupied by the falx cerebri

Answer 12

the longitudinal cerebral fissure

Question 13

what lies btw the occipital lobe and the cerebellum, is a dural membrane and the tentorium cerebelli lies in it

Answer 13

the transverse fissure

Question 14

what dural extension separates the 2 cerebellar hemispheres

Answer 14

falx cerebelli

Question 15

what sulcus is found btw the temporal and the frontal lobe

Answer 15

the lateral cerebral sulcus

Question 16

what sulcus is found btw the frontal and the parietal lobes

Answer 16

the central sulcus

Question 17

in embryo what are the three cavities that form from the neural tube and what are each of their subdivisions

Answer 17

forebrain: prosencephalon (telencephalon, diencephalon)
midbrain: mesencephalon
hindbrain: rhombencephalon (metencephalon, myelenceohalon)

Question 18

what are the five secondary brain vesicles

Answer 18

telencephelon --> cerebrum
diencephalon --> thalamus, hypothalamus & epithalamus
mesencephalon --> midbrain
metencephalon --> pons, cerebellum
myelencephalon --> medulla oblangata

Question 19

what is the biggest part of the brain and is part of the

telencephalon

Answer 19

cerebrum

Question 20

what does the cerebrum divide into (sagittal plane)

Answer 20

right and left cerebral hemispheres

Question 21

the left cerebral hemisphere controls activities on what side of the body

Answer 21

the right side

Question 22

what is a hemisphere

Answer 22

a mirror image of the other hemisphere in many ways but with functional distinctions btw them

Question 23

in most people, where is the development and use of language situated

Answer 23

in the left hemisphere (people that are left side dominant are better with language)

Question 24

where are three dimensional visualization and artistic creations located

Answer 24

right hemisphere

Question 25

each hemisphere is separated into what 4 lobes

Answer 25

occipital, frontal, temporal and parietal

Question 26

what is the 5th lobe and where is it located

Answer 26

the insula which lies deep to the cortex medial to the temporal lobe

Question 27

what is the diff btw grey and white matter

Answer 27

grey matter is cerebral cortex (conscious mind) and is unmyelinated white matter is myelinated; it is axons that carry signals from one place to another

Question 28

the internal white matter contains myelinated fibers (tracts) that extend into which 3 directions

Answer 28

commissural tracts association tracts projection tracts

Question 29

what is the difference btw the 3 diff tracts

Answer 29

commissural: bridge btw 2 hemi, so it crosses over (from one hemi to the other) association: connects 2 diff areas of the same region projection: from one region to another (from cerebellum to cerebellum)

Question 30

what is the basal ganglia made of and what are its 3 major structures

Answer 30

made up of several masses of gray matter (nuclei) | it includes; caudate nucleus, amygdala (amygdaloid body and nucleus) and lentiform nucleus (globus pallidus and putamen)

Question 31

what shape does the caudate nucleus follow

Answer 31

it follows the shape of the ventricles

Question 32

what divides the lat ventricles

Answer 32

septum pellucidum

Question 33

T/F the claustrum belongs to the basal ganglia

Answer 33

false

Question 34

what is the main relay station for motor impulses

Answer 34

basal ganglia

Question 35

what controls large unconscious mvt of skeletal m and also controls initiation, termination and intensity

Answer 35

basal ganglia

Question 36

what disorders can be caused by problems in the basal ganglia (2) and why do they happen

Answer 36

muscle spasticity and parkinsons | bc there is a disruption of the muscle mvt integrity

Question 37

what structures are part of the diencephalon and what are the 2 most prominent

Answer 37

the epithalamus, thalamus and hypothalamus | the two most prominent are thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 38

what are the 2 endocrine glands associated with the diencephalon

Answer 38

pineal gland and pituitary gland

Question 39

where is the epithalamus situated

Answer 39

just inf to fornix

Question 40

what surrounds the 3rd ventricle, is made up of 2 masses of gray matter and is connected by the intermediate mass

Answer 40

thalamus

Question 41

what type of tract is the intermediate mass

Answer 41

commissural tract

Question 42

what is the main relay station for sensory impulses traveling to cerebral cortex

Answer 42

thalamus

Question 43

the thalamus also relays involuntary motor impulses travelling where and what state does it maintain

Answer 43

outwards and it maintains the state of consciousness

Question 44

what part of the brain is involved with early conscious recognition of sensations related to survival (touch and pressure)

Answer 44

thalamus

Question 45

what forms part of the roof of the third ventricle, secretes at least 1 hormone (melatonin) and may inhibit secretion of FHS and LH from ant. pituitary gland and regulates body rhythms

Answer 45

pineal gland

Question 46

what lies below the thalamus and is partially housed in the sella turcica

Answer 46

hypothalamus

Question 47

what part of the diencephalon controls many involuntary body activities (most of which have a direct effect of homeostasis) and is the control center of the ANS (digestion, respiration and HR)

Answer 47

hypothalamus

Question 48

what are the 6 main functions of the hypothalamus

Answer 48

control of the ANS production of hormones (oxytocin and ADH) reg. of emotional and behavioural patterns reg of eating and drinking control of blood/body temp reg of awakening and sleep patterns (sets daily schedule)

Question 49

what are two projections from the hypothalamus

Answer 49

mammillary bodies: lies at base of brain and hypothalamus (2 round masses associated w smell) pituitary gland; extends from mammillary bodies separated by tuber cinerium and has a pituitary stalk

Question 50

what is btw the diencephalon and the pons

Answer 50

the midbrain/ mesencephalon

Question 51

what is found in the midbrain/mesencephalon

Answer 51

``` cerebral peduncles (stalks of white matter) corpora quadrigemina: sup colliculi (sight) and inf colliculi (hearing) ```

Question 52

into what 2 parts does the rhombencephalon (hindbrain) divide into

Answer 52

metencephalon (pons and cerebellum) | myelencephalon (medulla oblangata)

Question 53

what part of the hindbrain consists of white matter and scattered masses of nuclei, controls reflexes for pulmonary system and is the connection btw sc and brain as well as parts of the brain with each other

Answer 53

pons

Question 54

what n. are associated with the pons

Answer 54

C V, VI, VII, VIII

Question 55

what is the center of the two hemispheres of the cerebellum called

Answer 55

vermis

Question 56

what is seen only in the sagittal section of the cerebellum

Answer 56

arbor vitae

Question 57

what do each of the cerebellar peduncles connect to

Answer 57

sup; connects w midbrain middle; connects w pons inferior; connects w brainstem

Question 58

what is the main region for posture and balance that fine tunes mvt thru cte feedback and resolves diff btw intended mvt and actual mvt

Answer 58

cerebellum

Question 59

what is the automatic pilot for motor responses

Answer 59

cerebellum

Question 60

what do the cerebellar peduncles do (3)

Answer 60

carry sensory info from sensory organs in m., jnt and inner ear enables brain to determine status of voluntary motor activities, equilibrium and balance coordinates and provides precision to skeletal m contraction initiated by cerebellum

Question 61

what structure is inf to pons and extends down until the sc and is lined with white matter inside and gray matter outside

Answer 61

medulla oblangata

Question 62

the white matter of the medulla oblongata consists of what types of nerve fibers extending btw the brain and sc

Answer 62

ascending (sensory) and descending (motor)

Question 63

what part of the medulla oblongata has motor info coming down

Answer 63

pyramids

Question 64

what is the only place where info can cross from one hemisphere to the other

Answer 64

decussation of the pyramids

Question 65

the grey matter of the medulla oblongata is responsible for what

Answer 65

reflex centers that play a role in visceral reflexes, consciousness and arousal

Question 66

which cranial n are associated w medulla oblongata

Answer 66

C VIII, IX, X, XI, XII

Question 67

what are the 3 reflex centers and what does they do

Answer 67

``` cardiac center; HR reg (rate and force) vasomotor center: regulates BP by varying the diameter of blood vessels respiratory center (medullary rhythmicity area): controls depth and rhythm of breathing ```

Question 68

what structures protects the brain

Answer 68

skull, CSF and meninges

Question 69

what are the three meninges

Answer 69

``` pia matter (gentle mother) arachnoid layer (similar to spider web) dura mater (tough mother): falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli ```

Question 70

T/F: the meninges of the brain are continuous with those of the sc

Answer 70

true

Question 71

CSF is produced within which ventricles

Answer 71

``` lateral ventricles (one in each hemi) third ventricle in center of diencephalon fourth ventricle btw cerebellum and medulla oblongata ```

Question 72

what links the lateral and third ventricles

Answer 72

foramen of monroe (interventricular foramen)

Question 73

what links the third and fourth ventricles

Answer 73

cerebral aqueduct

Question 74

how is CSF formed

Answer 74

by filtration of blood plasma thru dens networks of capillaries called choroid plexus

Question 75

what does the capillary walls of the choroid plexus and supporting neuroglia form part of

Answer 75

blood brain barrier