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Respiratory system 2017 > Ventilation and Compliance > Flashcards

Ventilation and Compliance Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average tidal volume?

A

500ml

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2
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Volume of air breathed in and out of the lungs at each breath, while not reaching the limits of inhalation and exhalation

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3
Q

Define anatomical dead space and its volume

A

Volume of gas occupied in the conducting airways, not available for gas exchange

150ml

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4
Q

Define the expiratory reserve volume

A

Maximum volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs at the end of a normal expiration

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5
Q

Define the inspiratory reserve volume

A

Maximum volume of air that can be drawn into the lungs at the end of a normal inspiration

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6
Q

Define the residual volume

A

Volume of gas in the lungs at the end of a maximal expiration, necessary to prevent he collapse of alveoli and smaller airways.

Can be affected by anaesthetics

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7
Q

Define vital capacity

A

Sum of:

  • tidal volume
  • inspiratory reserve volume
  • expiratory reserve volume

Expresses maximum volume a person can exhale after a maximal inhalation

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8
Q

Define total lung capacity

A

Vital capacity + residual volume

Represents all the air in the airways, despite some not partaking in gas exchange

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9
Q

Define Inspiratory capacity

A

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

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10
Q

Define functional residual capacity

A

expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

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11
Q

What does FEV1:FVC represent?

A

Fraction of forced vital capacity is expired in 1 second

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12
Q

What is the difference between pulmonary ventilation and alveolar ventilation?

A

Pulmonary - Total air movement in/out of lungs, not significant in functional terms

Alveolar - fresh air getting into the alveoli and therefore available for gas exchange

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13
Q

How much of the tidal volume is made up of stale air?

A

150ml of 500ml is stale (held in dead space)

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14
Q

Upon inhalation, how much of the tidal volume is made up of fresh air?

A

350ml ( +150ml stale air from dead space)

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15
Q

What usually occurs in those who are anxious - hypoventilation or hyperventilation?

A

Hypoventilation

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16
Q

What usually occurs in those who are relaxed - hypoventilation or hyperventilation?

A

Hyperventilation

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17
Q

Define partial pressure

A

Pressure of a single gas in a mixture is equivalent to the % of that particular gas in the mixture

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18
Q

What % of inspired air is O2?

A

21%

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19
Q

What % of inspired air is N2?

A

79%

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20
Q

If there is an increase in CO2 in the blood, is it due to an error in inhalation or exhalation?

A

Exhalation

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21
Q

What is the value of normal ventilation in a minute?

A

4.2L/min

22
Q

What is normal Po2 and Pco2 in inspired air?

A 
Po2 = 100mmHg
Pco2 = 40mmHg
23
Q

What happens to Po2 and Pco2 in hyperventilation?

A 
Po2 = 120mmHg
Pco2 = 20mmHg
24
Q

What happens to Po2 and Pco2 in hypoventilation?

A 
Po2 = 30mmHg
Pco2 = 100mmHg
25
Q

How does surfactant reduce surface tension?

A

Hydrophobic surfactant goes between water molecules in the alveoli. Normally, these molecules are attracted together, and in the alveoli their attraction towards each other and creation of H bonds causes an increase in pressure in the alveoli, leading to their collapse. By getting in the way, surfactant prevents this, therefore reducing surface tension

26
Q

Why is surfactant more effective in smaller airways?

A

Surfactant is more concentrated

27
Q

What is LaPlace’s law?

A

The larger the vessel radius, the larger the wall tension required to withstand a given internal fluid pressure

28
Q

When does surfactant production start?

A

~25 weeks gestation

29
Q

When is surfactant production complete?

A

~36 weeks gestation

30
Q

What stimulates surfactant production?

A

Thyroid hormones
Cortisol

Both increased towards the end of pregnancy

31
Q

What is infant respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Caused by developmental deficiency in the production of surfactant, as well as the structural immaturity of the lungs, leading to the increased difficulty of the baby to breath following birth

32
Q

Define compliance

A

Change in volume of the lungs relative to a change in pressure (stretchability of the lungs)

33
Q

Define high compliance

A

Large increase in lung volume following a small decrease in intrapleural pressure

34
Q

Define low compliance

A

Small increase in lung volume following a large decrease in intrapleural pressure

35
Q

What effect does emphysema have on the work of respiration?

A

Loss of elastic tissue means expiration requires effort

36
Q

What effect does fibrosis have on the work of respiration?

A

Inert fibrous tissue means effort of inspiration increases

37
Q

Why is alveolar ventilation greater in the base of the lung than the apex?

A

At the base the alveoli are more compressed by gravity and the weight of the lungs, and are therefore more complaint on inspiration

38
Q

Describe the effect of obstructive lung disease on air flow

A

Obstruction of airway affects mainly expiration

39
Q

Describe the effect of restrictive lung disease on air flow?

A

Restriction of air flow during lung expansion due to loss of lung compliance, affects inspiration

40
Q

Name some obstructive lung diseases

A

Asthma
Emphysema
Bronchitis
COPD = emphysema + bronchitis

41
Q

Name some restrictive lung diseases

A

Fibrosis
Infant respiratory distress syndrome
Oedema
Pneumothorax

42
Q

What test is usually used to measure lung function?

A

Spirometry

43
Q

Whats the difference between static and dynamic spirometry?

A

Static - only considers volumes

Dynamic - considers volumes and time taken

44
Q

What is the FEV1 of a normal healthy male?

A

4L

45
Q

What is the FVC of a normal healthy male?

A

5L

46
Q

What is the normal FEV1/FVC of a normal healthy male?

A

80% (4L/5L)

47
Q

What happens to FEV1/FVC as you age?

A

Absolute values for each volume increase, but the ratio stays the same (80%)

48
Q

What happens to FEV1/FVC in those with obstructive lung disease?

A

Both are reduced, but more so for FEV1, making FEV1/FVC ratio reduced

49
Q

What happens to FEV1/FVC in those with restrictive lung disease?

A

Both FEV1 and FVC drop, so the ratio can seem the same despite extensive disease

50
Q

What is FEF25-75?

A

Average expired flow for air over the middle of an FVC, from around time of 25%-75% air movement

51
Q

What are the benefits of examining FEF over FEV1?

A

Correlates but changes in FEF are more striking in disease

52
Q

What are the drawbacks of examining FEF over FEV1?

A

Normal range is broader

Respiratory system 2017 (31 decks)

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