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Respiratory system 2017 > Anatomy - Pre practical on Respiratory > Flashcards

Anatomy - Pre practical on Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the superior thoracic aperture referred to as?

A 
Thoracic inlet (anatomically)
Thoracic outlet (clinically)
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2
Q

What makes up the superior thoracic aperture?

A

1st thoracic vertebra (T1) posteriorly
1st pair of ribs laterally
Costal cartilage of the first rib
Superior border of the manubrium anteriorly

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3
Q

What vessels are found in the anterior groove of the 1st rib?

A

Subclavian vein

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4
Q

What vessels are found in the posterior groove of the 1st rib?

A 
Subclavian artery
Brachial plexus (lowest trunk)
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5
Q

What separates the anterior and posterior groove of the 1st rib?

A

Scalene tubercle (site of attachment of anterior scalene muscles)

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6
Q

What does the head of a rib articulate with?

A

The head of the rib articulates with the body of the thoracic vertebra of the same number as well as the body of the vertebra above

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7
Q

What joint is found between the head of a rib and the body of a vertebrae?

A

costovertebral joints = synovial plane joints

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8
Q

What does the tubercle of a rib articulate with?

A

The tubercle of the rib articulates with the with the transverse process of the thoracic vertebra of the same number

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9
Q

What joint is found between the tubercle of a rib and the transverse process of a vertebrae?

A

costotransverse joint = synovial plane joint

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10
Q

What makes up the inferior thoracic aperture?

A

12th thoracic vertebra posteriorly
11th and 12th pairs of ribs laterally
Costal cartilages of ribs 7 through 10 Xiphisternal joint anteriorly

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11
Q

What drains into the thoracic duct?

A

Left side of chest wall through left brachiocephalic/subclavian v.

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12
Q

What drains into the right lymphatic duct?

A

Right side of the chest wall into the right brachiocephalic/subclavian v.

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13
Q

What vertebral level is the cisterns chyli found?

A

It is located posterior to the abdominal aorta on the anterior aspect of the bodies of the first and second lumbar vertebrae (L1 and L2)

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14
Q

What are the three peripheral attachments of the diaphragm?

A

Lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligaments.
Costal cartilages of ribs 7-12.
Xiphoid process of the sternum

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15
Q

From which vertebrae does the right crus of the diaphragm arise from?

A

L1-3

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16
Q

From which vertebrae does the left crus of the diaphragm arise from?

A

L1-2

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17
Q

What 3 vessels travel through the diaphragm?

A

Vena cava, oesophagus and aorta

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18
Q

Describe the nerve roots of the phrenic nerve

A

Anterior rami of C3, C4 (mainly) and C5. It is both motor and sensory.

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19
Q

Which nerves innervate the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve supplies central diaphragm The peripheral diaphragm is innervated by sensory fibres of intercostal nerves, T7-T12

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20
Q

Why can inflammation of the gallbladder cause pain in the shoulder?

A

The gall bladder lies just beneath the diaphragm. If this organ becomes inflamed it can irritate the diaphragm which prompts a “pain” impulse to be sent up the phrenic nerve into the spinal cord at C3, C4 and C5. Sensation from the shoulder is also perceived by the spinal cord, at C3 and C4.

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21
Q

At what vertebral level is the caval hiatus of the diaphragm, and what passes through it?

A

T8: The caval opening passes through the central tendon of the diaphragm. It transmits the inferior vena cava and the right phrenic nerve

22
Q

At what vertebral level is the oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragm, and what passes through it?

A

T10: The oesophageal hiatus is located through the muscular sling of the right crus. It transmits the oesophagus and both vagus nn. Hiatus hernia, heartburn, indigestion

23
Q

At what vertebral level is the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm, and what passes through it?

A

T12: The aortic hiatus is between the left and right crus. It transmits the aorta, the azygos vein, the hemiazygos vein, and the thoracic duct.

24
Q

What makes up the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

25
Q

What makes up the lower respiratory tract?

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

26
Q

Where is the larynx found?

A

Found in the anterior neck between C3-C6. (Trachea ant. to oesophagus)
Extends from the tip of the epiglottis to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage.

27
Q

What innervates the larynx?

A

Branches of the vagus nerve

28
Q

What is the hyoid bone and where is it?

A

Suspends the larynx, found at C2/C3

29
Q

At what vertebral level is the laryngeal prominence?

A

C5

30
Q

At what vertebral level does the trachea start?

A

C6 (start of cricoid cartilage)

31
Q

Which lung has 3 lobes?

A

Right

32
Q

Which lung has a lingula?

A

Left (created by cardiac notch above it)

33
Q

Describe the location of the two pleura of the lung

A

Visceral pleura lines the organ

Parietal pleura lines the body cavity

34
Q

Describe the nerve supply of the parietal pleura

A 
Somatic nerves (IC and phrenic nerves)
Pain sensitive
35
Q

Describe the nerve supply of the visceral pleura

A 
Autonomic nerves (T2-T5)
Pain insensitive
36
Q

What is a pleural reflection?

A

Pleural reflection: Place at which pleura changes its direction of travel.

37
Q

What is a pleural recess?

A

Pleural recess: The increased space between the layers of pleura occurring at the pleural reflections.

38
Q

Describe the surface anatomy of the horizontal fissure of the right lung?

A

Follows line of 4th rib anteriorly.

39
Q

Describe the surface anatomy of the oblique fissure of the lungs?

A

Begins at spine of T3 and follows the line of the 6th rib anteriorly.

40
Q

How does lymph drain back into the systemic circulation?

A

Cisterna chyli forms the beginning of the primary lymph vessel, the thoracic duct, which transports lymph and chyle from the abdomen via the aortic opening of the diaphragm up to the junction of the left subclavian vein and internal jugular veins

41
Q

Which if the vessels in the lung hilum is most superior?

A

Pulmonary artery

42
Q

Which of the vessels in the lung hilum us most inferior?

A

Inferior pulmonary vein

43
Q

Which of the vessels in the lung hilum is the most anterior?

A

Superior pulmonary artery

44
Q

Which of the vessels in the lung hilum is the most posterior?

A

Bronchi

45
Q

Where can an additional bronchi be found, and what is it called?

A 
In right lung
Eparterial bronchus (found above artery)
46
Q

What is the name of the main right bronchus?

A

Hyparterial bronchus

47
Q

Describe the vertebral levels of the inferior margin of the lung

A

Midclavicular line - rib 6
Midaxillary line - rib 8
Midscapular line - rib 10

48
Q

Describe the vertebral levels of the inferior margins of the parietal pleura

A

Midclavicular line - rib 8
Midaxillary line - rib 10
Midscapular line - rib 12

49
Q

The horizontal fissure runs along the line of what rib?

A

Rib 4 anteriorly

50
Q

The oblique fissure runs along the line of what rib?

A

Begins at spine of T3 and follows line of 6th rib anteriorly

51
Q

How can we tell histologically that we are looking at a bronchiole and not a bronchi?

A 
No goblet cells
No cartilage
No glands
Epithelium is columnar/cuboidal
Diameter of <1mm

Respiratory system 2017 (31 decks)

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