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Respiratory system 2017 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 stages of embryology?

A 
Pre-embryonic: 0-3 weeks 
Embryonic: 4-8 weeks
Foetal: 9-40 weeks
Post-natal
Childhood
Adolescence
Adulthood
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2
Q

What is produced in one cycle of spermatogenesis?

A

4 sperm

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3
Q

What is produced in one cycle of oogenesis?

A

1 ovum + 3 polar bodies

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4
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A

Biological process in which diploid or haploid cells undergo meiosis to form mature haploid gametes

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5
Q

Where are gametes formed?

A

Gonads e.g. testicles and ovaries

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of gametogenesis?

A

Spermatogenesis

Oogenesis

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7
Q

What is facilitation in terms of fertilisation?

A

Need for hundreds of sperm to surround the egg for fertilisation

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8
Q

Describe fertilisation

A

Sperm penetrates ovum, and the pro-nucleus of the sperm fuses with the pro-nucleus of the ovum to form a diploid cell called the zygote

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9
Q

What is a morula?

A

When zygote has split to become a 16 cell entity

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10
Q

Name a maternally inherited mitochondrial disease which causes blindness

A

Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy

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11
Q

Describe a blastocyst

A

The blastocyst is a structure formed in the early development of mammals. It possesses an inner cell mass (ICM) which subsequently forms the embryo. The outer layer of the blastocyst consists of cells collectively called the trophoblast

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12
Q

How long does the 1st cell division take?

A

36 hours

2nd - 24hr
3rd - 12 hours

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13
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

When the embryo implants abnormally outside the womb, usually in the fallopian tubes. Can be dangerous, and usually due to abnormal cilia function

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14
Q

What are the signs of ectopic pregnancy?

A

Vaginal bleeding
Stomach pain
Pain in the tip of your shoulder

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15
Q

What is a chorion?

A

Outer membrane of embryo has a villi (chorionic villi) which is vital for implantation. Also forms part of the placenta later on, and secretes human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG)

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16
Q

What is used to detect pregnancy in home tests?

A

Human chorionic gonadotrophin, released from the chorion to tell the ovaries to continue making oestrogen and progesterone

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17
Q

What is HCG?

A

Human chorionic gonadotrophin, released from the chorion to tell the ovaries to continue making oestrogen and progesterone to maintain the endometrium

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18
Q

What is the decider basalis?

A

Part of endometrium deep to the implanted conceptus, where the maternal side of the placenta is found

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19
Q

When is HCG released from the chorion?

A

first 12 weeks of pregnancy, then the placenta starts secreting

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20
Q

What two cavities are then formed following the formation of the bilaminar disc in the embryo?

A

Amniotic cavity - above epiblast (nearer placenta)

Yolk sac - below hypoblast

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21
Q

What is the function of the allantoic cavity?

A

Gas exchange and removal of liquid waste

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22
Q

what are the 3 main functions of the placenta?

A

foetal nutrition
transport of waste and gases
immune protection

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23
Q

Describe the texture of the foetal and maternal side of the placenta

A

Foetal - smooth

Maternal - rough, on decidua basalis

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24
Q

When does the placenta become fully mature?

A

18-20 weeks

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25
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

Formation of the germ layers

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26
Q

What is neurulation?

A

Formation of neural tube

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27
Q

Where is the primitive streak found?

A

Midline of epiblast by the dipping in of cells

28
Q

When is the axis of the embryo determined?

A

After formation of primitive streak:

  • head end = above epiblast
  • tail end = below hypoblast
29
Q

What forms the 3 germ layers?

A

Migration of epiblast cells which displace hypoblast cells, forms trilaminar disc

30
Q

What are the 3 germ layers?

A

Ectoderm - hair, nails, epidermis
Mesoderm - muscle, bone, connective tissue, fat
Endoderm - internal organs e.g. lungs

31
Q

What forms the notochord?

A

Migration of cells from primitive streak into midline, which encourages the formation of the neural tube from the ectoderm

32
Q

Describe neurulation

A

Notochord induces ectodermal cells in the midline to invaginate down into the midline and form a neural tube/plate, which is located above the notochord

33
Q

What effect does the neural tube have on the mesoderm?

A

Stimulates mesoderm to thicken, and separate into 3 parts:

  • paraxial mesoderm (closest to tube)
  • intermediate mesoderm
  • lateral plate mesoderm
34
Q

What does the lateral plate mesoderm split into?

A

Somatic and splanchnic mesoderm, which forms the body cavity and coverings

35
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm become later on?

A

Urogenital system (kidneys and reproductive tract)

36
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm split into?

A

Somites, which each splits into:

  • dermatome: dermis
  • myotome: skeletal muscle
  • sclerotome: bones
  • syndetome: cartilage and tendons
37
Q

How many pairs of somites are there?

A

43 pairs

38
Q

When does the heart start to beat?

A

24 days

39
Q

What is the cavity between the somatic and splanchnic mesoderm of the lateral plate mesoderm?

A

Intraembryonic coelom

40
Q

Describe the teratogenic effects of thalidomide

A

Phocomelia

41
Q

Which enantiomer of thalidomide is harmful?

A

S-enantiomer

42
Q

List some environmental teratogens

A

Drugs
Alcohol/tobacco
Infectious agents e.g. rubella
Other: radiation

43
Q

When during pregnancy are teratogens most likely to kill foetus?

A

week 1-2

44
Q

When during pregnancy are teratogens likely to cause great damage to organs/systems?

A

week 3-8

45
Q

What does the risk imposed by a teratogen depend on?

A

Time of exposure
Dose
Genetic susceptibility

46
Q

When does the respiratory system start to form?

A

4th week, respiratory diverticulum appears on day 26

47
Q

What does the respiratory primordial (lung bud) grow from?

A

Ventral wall of foregut, median outgrowth called the laryngotracheal groove (diverticulum)

48
Q

What forms between the growing oesophagus and trachea, before completely separating them?

A

Oesophagotracheal septum

49
Q

What results from the incomplete separation of the trachea and oesophagus?

A

Tracheoesophageal fistula and atresia of the oesophagus

50
Q

What is atresia?

A

When an orifice or passage in the body is abnormally closed or absent

51
Q

What forms the visceral lung pleura?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

52
Q

What forms the parietal lung pleura?

A

Somatic mesoderm

53
Q

What are the 3 main stages in lung differentiation?

A

Embryonic - primordial buds out of the foregut

Foetal:

  • Pseudoglandular: cells become gland like
  • Canalicular: elongate into canals
  • Saccular: canals widen into sacs
  • alveolar: sacs bud into alveoli

Postnatal - continuation of alveolar budding

54
Q

When do vascular connections and pneumocyte cell types develop?

A

foetal period

55
Q

When is the alveolar stage of foetal lung development?

A

32 weeks - 8 years old

56
Q

When is the canalicular stage of foetal lung development?

A

17-27 weeks

57
Q

When is the saccular stage of foetal lung development?

A

27-40 weeks

58
Q

What are some congenital lung conditions?

A

ARDS
Accessory lobes
Agenesis of the lung
Azygos lobe

59
Q

What 4 embryonic components make up the diaphragm?

A

Septus transversum - central tendon

Pleuroperitoneal membranes - prim. diap.

Dorsal mesentery of the diaphragm - medial portion and crura

Muscular ingrowth of lateral thoracic body walls - peripheral diaphragm

60
Q

Which somites is the septum transverse found alongside?

A

C3-C5 (phrenic nerves)

61
Q

What are the 3 main congenital abnormalities of the diaphragm?

A

Failure of complete closure
Herniation
Pulmonary hypoplasia

62
Q

What are the 3 types of congenital hernia?

A

Posterolateral (Bochdalek)
Anterior (Morgagni)
Central

63
Q

What type of hernia is not congenital?

A

Hiatal hernia

64
Q

What are the three main sites of hiatal hernia?

A

Descending aorta T12
Oesophagus T10
Vena cava T8

65
Q

What are the two types of oesophageal hernia?

A 
Sliding hiatus hernia - slides out
Paraesophageal hernia ("rolling") - rolls out

Respiratory system 2017 (31 decks)

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