Vegetative plant development

Question 1

Explain fertilization in vegetative plant development.

Answer 1

egg cell in embryo sac fertilized by 1 sperm cell, released through pollen tube and creates embryo; the second sperm cell fertilizes central cell and initiates endosperm development

Question 2

What is the endosperm

Answer 2

nutrient source

Question 3

During embryo development, the zygote undergoes an unequal cell division to form 2 cells. What are the 2 cells used for?

Answer 3

1. the top cell (small) divides to form the embryo

2. the bottom cell (large) forms the suspensor, which facilitates transport of nutrients to the embryo

Question 4

What are the 2 types of meristems?

Answer 4

apical shoot meristem and apical root meristem

Question 5

What is the meristem?

Answer 5

tissue consisting of undifferentiated cells (meristemic cells), found in zones of the plant where growth can take place, give rise to various organs of the plant, and keep the plant growing

Question 6

What is the apical meristem?

Answer 6

completely undifferentiated meristemic tissue found in the buds and growing tips of the roots in plants; main function to begin growth of new cells in young seedlings at tips of roots and shoots

Question 7

What are the 3 basic tissues?

Answer 7

protoderm, ground meristem, and procambrium

Question 8

What does the protoderm do?

Answer 8

outermost cells > dermal tissue; protects plant from desiccation

Question 9

What does the ground meristem do?

Answer 9

bulk of embryonic interior; consists of ground tissue and will function in water and food storage

Question 10

What does the procambrium do?

Answer 10

at core of embryo, form vascular tissue

Question 11

What does the protoderm develop into?

Answer 11

dermal tissues

Question 12

What does the ground meristem develop into?

Answer 12

ground tissues

Question 13

What does the procambrium develop into?

Answer 13

vascular tissues

Question 14

What are the stages of embryo development?

Answer 14

proembryo > globular > heart > torpedo > mature

Question 15

What is the development of an apical basal pattern?

Answer 15

shoot apical meristem, cotyledons, hypocotyl, root apical meristem

Question 16

What is the development of a radial pattern?

Answer 16

protoderm, ground meristem, and procambrium

Question 17

What is the cotyledon?

Answer 17

produces plants’ first leaves, plant with one cotyledon are monocots, plants with 2 cotyledons are dicots

Question 18

What is the hypocotyl?

Answer 18

embryonic stem

Question 19

What is the root apex?

Answer 19

root tip

Question 20

What are 3 critical events during development of embryo in angiosperms?

Answer 20

1. development of food supply 2. development of seed coat 3. development of fruit surrounding seed

Question 21

What forms into the endosperm?

Answer 21

triploid cells that form after fertilization of the polar nuclei and accumulates starch, lipids, and proteins

Question 22

T/F Development of the embryo is arrested soon after meristems and cotyledons differentiate.

Answer 22

True

Question 23

What do integuments develop into?

Answer 23

seed coat

Question 24

What does the seed coat do?

Answer 24

encloses seed with its dormant embryo and stored food

Question 25

What are 4 reasons that seeds are an important adaptation?

Answer 25

1. seeds reman dormant under unfavorable conditions 2. seeds give maximum protection to young plant at most vulnerable stage of development 3. seeds contain stored food, than plants can use before they start to photosynthesize 4. seeds are adapted for dispersal > migration

Question 26

What is a fruit in terms of a flower part?

Answer 26

ovaries (carpels)

Question 27

When does the flower ovary begin to develop into a fruit?

Answer 27

seed formation

Question 28

The ovary wall is termed the pericarp. What are the 3 layers?

Answer 28

exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp

Question 29

Fruits contain 3 genotypes in 1 package. What are they?

Answer 29

1. fruits and seed coat from prior sporophyte generation 2. remnants of gametophyte generation produced egg 3. embryo represents next sporophyte generation

Question 30

What are 3 requirements for germination?

Answer 30

water, adequate temp., oxygen

Question 31

What are dormant seeds?

Answer 31

do not germinate even under favorable conditions of water, temp. and oxygen

Question 32

What are some additional requirement for dormant seeds?

Answer 32

light, cold temp., heavy rain, and harsh conditions that break impermeable seed coats

Question 33

What is germination?

Answer 33

root is first structure that emerges from seed, cotyledons develop above or below ground, when in contact with light, leaves begin to form