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Biology 192 > Plant Form > Flashcards

Plant Form Flashcards

1
Q

A vascular plant consists of what 2 things?

A

root system and shoot system

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2
Q

What does a root system function in?

A

anchors plant, used to absorb water and ions

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3
Q

What does a shoot system function in?

A

consists in supporting stems, photosynthetic leaves, and reproductive flowers; iterative unit consists of internode, node, leaf, and axillary bud

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4
Q

What are meristems?

A

regions of plant that reman embryonic, divide throughout life of plant resulting in indeterminate growth

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5
Q

What activities do meristems participate in?

A

clumps of sm. cells with dense cytoplasm and large nuclei, act as stem cells do in animals (one cell divides and form 2 cells, one remains meristemic and other contributes to plant body), one cell divides producing a differentiating cell and another remains meristemic, extension of shoot and root produced by apical meristems

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6
Q

What do lateral meristems produce?

A

increase in shoot and root diameter

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7
Q

What is the location and function of the apical meristem?

A

Location: tips of stems and roots
Function: growth, increase length at tips

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8
Q

What is the location and function of the intercalary meristem?

A

Location: between tip and base of stems and leaves
Function: growth, increase length between nodes

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9
Q

What is the location and function of the lateral meristem?

A

Location: sides of stems and roots
Function: growth, increase diameter

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10
Q

What does the apical meristem give rise to?

A

primary tissues aka primary plant body

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11
Q

What does the root cap protect?

A

root apical meristem

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12
Q

What does the leaf primordial protect?

A

shoot apical meristem

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13
Q

What are intercalary meristems?

A

arise in stem internode, add to internode length

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14
Q

Where are lateral meristems found?

A

found in plants that exhibit secondary growth

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15
Q

What are secondary tissues called?

A

secondary plant body

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16
Q

Woody plants have 2 types of lateral meristems? What are they?

A

cork cambium and vascular cambium

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17
Q

What does cork cambium produce?

A

outer bark

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18
Q

What does vascular cambium produce?

A

secondary vascular tissue, secondary xylem is the main component of wood

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19
Q

Roots and shoots are composed of what 3 basic tissues?

A

dermal, ground, and vascular

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20
Q

What is the dermal tissue?

A

outer protective cover, once cell layer thick

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21
Q

What is the ground tissue?

A

function in storage, photosynthesis, and secretion

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22
Q

What is the vascular tissue?

A

conducts fluids and dissolved substances

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23
Q

How does the cell wall grow?

A

from inside to out

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24
Q

What special cells does the dermal tissue have?

A

guard cells, trichomes, and root hairs

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25
What are guard cells?
paired sausage-shaped cells, flank a stoma-epidermal opening
26
What are trichomes?
cellular or multicelluar hairlike outgrowths of the epidermis; keep leaf surfaces cool and reduce evaporation by covering stomatal openings; some are glandular, secreting substances that deter herbivory
27
What are root hairs?
tubular extensions of individual epidermal cells, greatly increase root's surface area and efficiency of absorption
28
What are the 3 cell types of ground tissue?
parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma
29
What does parenchyma help with?
function in storage, photosynthesis, and secretion
30
What does collenchyma help with?
provides support and protection
31
What does sclerenchyma help with?
provides support and protection
32
What are some characteristics of parenchyma cells?
most common type of plant cell, living protoplasts, less specialized than other plant cells
33
What are some characteristics of collenchyma cells?
provide support for plant organs, allow bending without breaking, living protoplasts
34
What are some characteristics of sclerenchyma cells?
tough thick walls, usually lack protoplasts at maturity, secondary cell walls often contain lignin, 2 general types which both strengthen tissues (fibers and sclerids)
35
What is xylem?
principal water-conducting tissue, vessels, tracheids, vessel members tend to be shorter and wider than tracheids
36
What are tracheids?
dead cells that taper at the end and overlap one another
37
What are some other characteristics of xylem?
conducts inorganic ions such as nitrates, and supports the plant body; transpiration (diffusion of water vapor from plant); includes fibers and parenchyma cells (ground tissue cells)
38
What is phloem?
principal food-conducting tissue in vascular plants
39
What 2 types of elongated cells are in phloem?
sieve cells and sieve-tube members
40
What are the components of dermal tissue system?
epidermis periderm (older stems and roots)
41
What is the function of dermal tissue system?
protection and prevention of water loss
42
What are the components of ground tissue system?
parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
43
What is the function of ground tissue system?
photosynthesis, food storage, regeneration, support and protection
44
What are the components of vascular tissue system?
xylem and phloem tissue
45
What is the function of vascular tissue system?
transport of water and minerals, transport of food
46
T/F The vascular cambium was derived froth apical meristem?
False
47
How are monocot vascular bundles different from eudicot vascular bundles?
Monocot vascular bundles are usually scattered throughout ground tissue system with no secondary growth and eudicot vascular tissue is arranged in a ring with internal ground tissue (pith) and external ground tissue (cortex)
48
T/F In eudicots, vascular cambium develops between secondary xylem and phloem?
False: between primary xylem and phloem
49
What do rings in the stump of a tree reveal what?
annual patterns of vascular cambium growth
50
What are lenticels?
cork cambium produces unsuberized cells that permit gas exchange to continue
51
What is responsible for keeping leaf surfaces cool and reducing evaporation?
trichomes
52
What does the root apical meristem produce?
cell of the root, root cap and 3 primary meristems (protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium)
53
What does the root cap protect?
RAM and secretes a gel that acts a as a lubricant to facilitate root penetration
54
What are the 4 regions of a root?
root cap, zone of cell division, zone of elongation, and zone of maturation
55
What is the root cap?
contains 2 types of cells (columella cells and root cap cells), functions mainly in protection of the delicate tissues behind it, perception of gravity
56
What is the zone of cell division?
rapid divisions of RAM, contains mostly cuboidal cells, with small vacuoles and large central nuclei (daughter cells of apical meristem), apical meristem daughter cells soon subdivide into 3 primary tissues (protoderm, pro cambium, and ground meristem)
57
What is the zone of elongation?
roots lengthen because cells bemuse several times longer than wide, width also increases slightly, no further increase occurs above this zone, mature parts of the root, except increasing in girth, remain stationary for the life of the plant
58
What is the zone of maturation?
elongated cells become differentiated into specific cell types, root surface cells become epidermal cells (have very thin cuticle, include root hair and non hair cells)
59
What 2 types of modified roots are in plants?
taproot and fibrous root system
60
What is the taproot system?
single large root with small branch roots
61
What is the fibrous root system?
many small roots of similar diameter
62
What are prop roots?
keep plant upright
63
What are aerial roots?
obtain water from air
64
What are pneumatophores?
facilitate oxygen uptake
65
What are storage roots?
weight 50 kg or more
66
What are contractile roots?
pull plant deeper in soil
67
What are parasitic roots?
penetrate host plants
68
What are food storage roots?
store carbs
69
What are buttress roots?
provide considerable stability
70
What does the shoot apical meristem give rise to?
origin to cells of leaves and the stem
71
What develops at angle of leaf and stem?
axillary bud
72
What do buds give origin to?
branches
73
What are the 3 primary meristems the SAM produce?
protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium
74
What are stems?
contain 3 types of plant tissues, undergo growth from cell division in apical and lateral stems, SAM initiate stem tissue and intermittently produce primordia
75
What is a node?
point of attachment of leaf to stem
76
What is the internode?
area of stem between 2 nodes
77
What is the blade?
flattened part of leaf
78
What is the petiole?
stalk of leaf
79
What is the axil?
angle between petiole/blade and stem
80
What is the axillary bud?
develops into branches with leaves or may form flowers
81
What is the terminal bud?
extends the shoot system during the growing season
82
What are runners and stolons?
horizontal stems with long internodes that grow along the surface of the ground
83
What are rhizomes?
horizontal underground stems, with adventitious roots
84
What are some characteristics of leaves?
initiated as primordial by the apical meristems, principal site of photosynthesis, expand by cell enlargement and cell division, determinate in structure-growth stops at maturity, different patterns adaptive in different environments
85
What are veins?
vascular bundles in leaves, main veins are parallel in most monocle leaves, veins of edicts form an often intricate network
86
What are floral leaves (bracts)?
surround true flowers and behave as showy petals
87
What are spines?
reduce water loss and may deter predators
88
What are reproductive leaves?
plantlets capable of growing independently into full-sized plant
89
What are window leaves?
succulent, cone-shaped leaves that allow photosynthesis underground
90
What are shade leaves?
larger in surface area but with less mesophyll than sun-lit leaves
91
What are insectivorous leaves?
trap insects
92
Rings in the stump of a tree reveal annual patterns of what kind of growth?
vascular cambium growth

Biology 192 (10 decks)

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