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Biology 192 > Plant Form > Flashcards

Plant Form Flashcards

1
Q

A vascular plant consists of what 2 things?

A

root system and shoot system

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2
Q

What does a root system function in?

A

anchors plant, used to absorb water and ions

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3
Q

What does a shoot system function in?

A

consists in supporting stems, photosynthetic leaves, and reproductive flowers; iterative unit consists of internode, node, leaf, and axillary bud

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4
Q

What are meristems?

A

regions of plant that reman embryonic, divide throughout life of plant resulting in indeterminate growth

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5
Q

What activities do meristems participate in?

A

clumps of sm. cells with dense cytoplasm and large nuclei, act as stem cells do in animals (one cell divides and form 2 cells, one remains meristemic and other contributes to plant body), one cell divides producing a differentiating cell and another remains meristemic, extension of shoot and root produced by apical meristems

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6
Q

What do lateral meristems produce?

A

increase in shoot and root diameter

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7
Q

What is the location and function of the apical meristem?

A

Location: tips of stems and roots
Function: growth, increase length at tips

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8
Q

What is the location and function of the intercalary meristem?

A

Location: between tip and base of stems and leaves
Function: growth, increase length between nodes

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9
Q

What is the location and function of the lateral meristem?

A

Location: sides of stems and roots
Function: growth, increase diameter

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10
Q

What does the apical meristem give rise to?

A

primary tissues aka primary plant body

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11
Q

What does the root cap protect?

A

root apical meristem

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12
Q

What does the leaf primordial protect?

A

shoot apical meristem

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13
Q

What are intercalary meristems?

A

arise in stem internode, add to internode length

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14
Q

Where are lateral meristems found?

A

found in plants that exhibit secondary growth

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15
Q

What are secondary tissues called?

A

secondary plant body

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16
Q

Woody plants have 2 types of lateral meristems? What are they?

A

cork cambium and vascular cambium

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17
Q

What does cork cambium produce?

A

outer bark

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18
Q

What does vascular cambium produce?

A

secondary vascular tissue, secondary xylem is the main component of wood

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19
Q

Roots and shoots are composed of what 3 basic tissues?

A

dermal, ground, and vascular

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20
Q

What is the dermal tissue?

A

outer protective cover, once cell layer thick

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21
Q

What is the ground tissue?

A

function in storage, photosynthesis, and secretion

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22
Q

What is the vascular tissue?

A

conducts fluids and dissolved substances

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23
Q

How does the cell wall grow?

A

from inside to out

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24
Q

What special cells does the dermal tissue have?

A

guard cells, trichomes, and root hairs

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25
Q

What are guard cells?

A

paired sausage-shaped cells, flank a stoma-epidermal opening

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26
Q

What are trichomes?

A

cellular or multicelluar hairlike outgrowths of the epidermis; keep leaf surfaces cool and reduce evaporation by covering stomatal openings; some are glandular, secreting substances that deter herbivory

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27
Q

What are root hairs?

A

tubular extensions of individual epidermal cells, greatly increase root’s surface area and efficiency of absorption

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28
Q

What are the 3 cell types of ground tissue?

A

parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

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29
Q

What does parenchyma help with?

A

function in storage, photosynthesis, and secretion

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30
Q

What does collenchyma help with?

A

provides support and protection

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31
Q

What does sclerenchyma help with?

A

provides support and protection

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32
Q

What are some characteristics of parenchyma cells?

A

most common type of plant cell, living protoplasts, less specialized than other plant cells

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33
Q

What are some characteristics of collenchyma cells?

A

provide support for plant organs, allow bending without breaking, living protoplasts

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34
Q

What are some characteristics of sclerenchyma cells?

A

tough thick walls, usually lack protoplasts at maturity, secondary cell walls often contain lignin, 2 general types which both strengthen tissues (fibers and sclerids)

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35
Q

What is xylem?

A

principal water-conducting tissue, vessels, tracheids, vessel members tend to be shorter and wider than tracheids

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36
Q

What are tracheids?

A

dead cells that taper at the end and overlap one another

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37
Q

What are some other characteristics of xylem?

A

conducts inorganic ions such as nitrates, and supports the plant body; transpiration (diffusion of water vapor from plant); includes fibers and parenchyma cells (ground tissue cells)

38
Q

What is phloem?

A

principal food-conducting tissue in vascular plants

39
Q

What 2 types of elongated cells are in phloem?

A

sieve cells and sieve-tube members

40
Q

What are the components of dermal tissue system?

A

epidermis periderm (older stems and roots)

41
Q

What is the function of dermal tissue system?

A

protection and prevention of water loss

42
Q

What are the components of ground tissue system?

A

parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

43
Q

What is the function of ground tissue system?

A

photosynthesis, food storage, regeneration, support and protection

44
Q

What are the components of vascular tissue system?

A

xylem and phloem tissue

45
Q

What is the function of vascular tissue system?

A

transport of water and minerals, transport of food

46
Q

T/F The vascular cambium was derived froth apical meristem?

A

False

47
Q

How are monocot vascular bundles different from eudicot vascular bundles?

A

Monocot vascular bundles are usually scattered throughout ground tissue system with no secondary growth and eudicot vascular tissue is arranged in a ring with internal ground tissue (pith) and external ground tissue (cortex)

48
Q

T/F In eudicots, vascular cambium develops between secondary xylem and phloem?

A

False: between primary xylem and phloem

49
Q

What do rings in the stump of a tree reveal what?

A

annual patterns of vascular cambium growth

50
Q

What are lenticels?

A

cork cambium produces unsuberized cells that permit gas exchange to continue

51
Q

What is responsible for keeping leaf surfaces cool and reducing evaporation?

A

trichomes

52
Q

What does the root apical meristem produce?

A

cell of the root, root cap and 3 primary meristems (protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium)

53
Q

What does the root cap protect?

A

RAM and secretes a gel that acts a as a lubricant to facilitate root penetration

54
Q

What are the 4 regions of a root?

A

root cap, zone of cell division, zone of elongation, and zone of maturation

55
Q

What is the root cap?

A

contains 2 types of cells (columella cells and root cap cells), functions mainly in protection of the delicate tissues behind it, perception of gravity

56
Q

What is the zone of cell division?

A

rapid divisions of RAM, contains mostly cuboidal cells, with small vacuoles and large central nuclei (daughter cells of apical meristem), apical meristem daughter cells soon subdivide into 3 primary tissues (protoderm, pro cambium, and ground meristem)

57
Q

What is the zone of elongation?

A

roots lengthen because cells bemuse several times longer than wide, width also increases slightly, no further increase occurs above this zone, mature parts of the root, except increasing in girth, remain stationary for the life of the plant

58
Q

What is the zone of maturation?

A

elongated cells become differentiated into specific cell types, root surface cells become epidermal cells (have very thin cuticle, include root hair and non hair cells)

59
Q

What 2 types of modified roots are in plants?

A

taproot and fibrous root system

60
Q

What is the taproot system?

A

single large root with small branch roots

61
Q

What is the fibrous root system?

A

many small roots of similar diameter

62
Q

What are prop roots?

A

keep plant upright

63
Q

What are aerial roots?

A

obtain water from air

64
Q

What are pneumatophores?

A

facilitate oxygen uptake

65
Q

What are storage roots?

A

weight 50 kg or more

66
Q

What are contractile roots?

A

pull plant deeper in soil

67
Q

What are parasitic roots?

A

penetrate host plants

68
Q

What are food storage roots?

A

store carbs

69
Q

What are buttress roots?

A

provide considerable stability

70
Q

What does the shoot apical meristem give rise to?

A

origin to cells of leaves and the stem

71
Q

What develops at angle of leaf and stem?

A

axillary bud

72
Q

What do buds give origin to?

A

branches

73
Q

What are the 3 primary meristems the SAM produce?

A

protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium

74
Q

What are stems?

A

contain 3 types of plant tissues, undergo growth from cell division in apical and lateral stems, SAM initiate stem tissue and intermittently produce primordia

75
Q

What is a node?

A

point of attachment of leaf to stem

76
Q

What is the internode?

A

area of stem between 2 nodes

77
Q

What is the blade?

A

flattened part of leaf

78
Q

What is the petiole?

A

stalk of leaf

79
Q

What is the axil?

A

angle between petiole/blade and stem

80
Q

What is the axillary bud?

A

develops into branches with leaves or may form flowers

81
Q

What is the terminal bud?

A

extends the shoot system during the growing season

82
Q

What are runners and stolons?

A

horizontal stems with long internodes that grow along the surface of the ground

83
Q

What are rhizomes?

A

horizontal underground stems, with adventitious roots

84
Q

What are some characteristics of leaves?

A

initiated as primordial by the apical meristems, principal site of photosynthesis, expand by cell enlargement and cell division, determinate in structure-growth stops at maturity, different patterns adaptive in different environments

85
Q

What are veins?

A

vascular bundles in leaves, main veins are parallel in most monocle leaves, veins of edicts form an often intricate network

86
Q

What are floral leaves (bracts)?

A

surround true flowers and behave as showy petals

87
Q

What are spines?

A

reduce water loss and may deter predators

88
Q

What are reproductive leaves?

A

plantlets capable of growing independently into full-sized plant

89
Q

What are window leaves?

A

succulent, cone-shaped leaves that allow photosynthesis underground

90
Q

What are shade leaves?

A

larger in surface area but with less mesophyll than sun-lit leaves

91
Q

What are insectivorous leaves?

A

trap insects

92
Q

Rings in the stump of a tree reveal annual patterns of what kind of growth?

A

vascular cambium growth

Biology 192 (10 decks)

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