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biology 192 > Evidence of Evolution-Animals > Flashcards

Evidence of Evolution-Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

What is so unique about the Galapagos?

A

first place natural selection documented in real time; owned by Ecuador

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2
Q

What did Darwin discover on the Galapagos that led him to the theory of natural selection?

A

31 specimens of finches similar except beak function; 14 species now recognized

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3
Q

What 3 things do you need in order for natural selection to be able to occur?

A
  1. genetic variation-variation must exist in population 2. reproductive success-variation must lead to differences among individuals in reproductive success 3. variation must be genetically transmitted to the next generation, heritable
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4
Q

What impact did Peter and Rosemary Grant have on natural selection?

A

studied medium ground finch on Daphne Major; found beak depth variation among members of the population

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5
Q

What happened with peppered moths?

A

when environment changes, natural selection often favors different traits in a species; body color is a single gene, black individuals have the dominant allele which were rare until 1850s and then frequency increased to near 100%

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6
Q

Who hypothesized that light-colored moths declined because of predation?

A

J. W. Tutt

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7
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

operates by favoring individuals with certain phenotypic traits, allowing them to reproduce and pass their genes on to the next generation, directional selection results in evolutionary change

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8
Q

What is domestication?

A

human-imposed selection (ex. cats, dogs, pigeons, and others)

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9
Q

What are the 3 events that occur when rock fossils are created?

A

organism buried in sediment, calcium in bone on other hard tissue mineralizes, surrounding sediment hardens to form rock

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10
Q

What are fossils?

A

preserved remains of once-living organisms

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11
Q

What is relative dating?

A

position of the fossil in the sediment

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12
Q

What is absolute dating?

A

age of fossils is estimated by rates of radioactive decay

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13
Q

What are isotopes?

A

transform at precisely known rates into radioactive forms

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14
Q

What is the half-life?

A

rate of decay, the amount of time needed for one-half of the original amount to be transformed

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15
Q

Why are there gaps in the fossil record?

A

low likelihood of fossil preservation and recovery

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16
Q

What is the Field of Systematics?

A

reconstruction and study of evolutionary relationships

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17
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

hypothesis about patterns of relationship among species

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18
Q

What did Darwin envision about species?

A

that all species were descended from a single common ancestor, depicted this history of life as a branching (“Descent with modification”)

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19
Q

What are cladistics?

A

study of characteristics of animals, use morphology to group organisms together

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20
Q

What is a derived characteristic?

A

similarity that is inherited from the most recent common ancestor of an entire group

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21
Q

What is an ancestral characteristic?

A

similarity that arose prior to common ancestor of the group

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22
Q

What are synapomorphies in cladistics?

A

shared derived characteristics are considered informative about evolutionary relationships

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23
Q

What are plesiomorphies?

A

ancestral states

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24
Q

What are symplesiomorphies?

A

shared ancestral states

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25
Q

What is homoplasy?

A

shared character state that has not been inherited from a common ancestor

26
Q

What are phylogenetic?

A

basis for all comparative biology

27
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

derived from same ancestral source

28
Q

What are homoplastic structures?

A

common use but not from same ancestor (ex. wings of owl and moth)

29
Q

What is parsimony?

A

favors hypothesis that requires fewest assumptions

30
Q

What is a monophyletic group?

A

includes most recent common ancestor of the group and all of its descendants (clade)

31
Q

What is a paraphyletic group?

A

includes most recent common ancestor of the group, but not all its descendants

32
Q

What is a polyphyletic group?

A

does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group

33
Q

T/F Mutation creates variation.

A

True

34
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

evolutionary equivalent of sampling error

35
Q

How many species of dinosaur leg bone fossils?

A

620

36
Q

What is adaptation?

A

a phenotypic feature of an individual that promotes survival, that is related to an immediate environmental demand

37
Q

What is preadaptation?

A

structure or behavior possesses the necessary form and function before the biological role arises (does not imply the trait arises in anticipation of some future purpose)

38
Q

What are the five key transitions that are noted in animal evolution?

A
  1. tissues 2. symmetry 3. body cavity 4. development 5. segmentation
39
Q

Describe the evolution of tissues.

A

Parazoa-sponges are the simplest animals that lack defined tissues and organs but have the ability to disaggregate and aggregate their cells; Eumetazoa-all other animals have distinct and well-defined tissues

40
Q

Describe the evolution of symmetry.

A

sponges also lack any definite symmetry, Eumetazoa have a symmetry defined along an imaginary axis drawn through the animal’s body, 2 main types of symmetry

41
Q

Describe the 2 types of symmetry.

A

Radial symmetry: body parts arranged around central axis, can be directed into 2 equal halves in any 2-D plane
Bilateral symmetry: body has right and left halves that are mirror images, only the sagittal plane bisects the animal into 2 equal halves

42
Q

What 2 advantages do bilaterally symmetrical animals have over radially symmetrical animals?

A
  1. cephalization-evolution of a brain area

2. greater mobility

43
Q

Describe the evolution of a body cavity.

A

Eumetazoa produce three germ layers, body cavity-space surrounded by mesoderm tissue that is formed during development

44
Q

What are the 3 germ layers and what do they develop into?

A

ectoderm-body coverings and nervous system
mesoderm-skeleton and muscles
endoderm-digestive organs and intestines

45
Q

What are the 3 basic kinds of body plans?

A

acoelomates-no body cavity
psedocoelomates-body cavity between mesoderm and endoderm, also called pseudocoelom
coelomates-body cavity entirely within mesoderm, also called coelom

46
Q

T/F Coelomates have a circulatory system to flow nutrients and remove wastes.

A

True

47
Q

What is an open circulatory system?

A

blood passes form vessels into sinuses, mixes with body fluids, and reenters vessels

48
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A

blood moves continuously through vessels that are separated from body fluids

49
Q

Describe the evolution of different patterns of development.

A

basic Bilaterian pattern of development: mitotic divisions of the egg forms a hollow ball of cells, called blastula (blastula indents to form a two-layer thick ball) with a blastopore (opening to outside)

50
Q

What are the 2 groups that bilaterians can be divided into?

A

protostomes and deuterostomes

51
Q

What are protostomes?

A

develop mouth first from or near blastopore

52
Q

What are deuterostomes?

A

develop anus first from blastopore

53
Q

What are 3 fundamental embryological features on how deuterostomes differ from protostomes?

A

cleavage pattern of embryonic cells
developmental fate of cells
origination of coelom

54
Q

How do protostomes and deuterostomes develop in cleavage patterns in embryonic cells?

A

proto-spiral cleavage

deutero-radial cleavage

55
Q

How do protostomes and deuterostomes develop in the development fate of cells?

A

proto-determinate development

deutero-indeterminate development

56
Q

How do protostomes and deuterostomes develop in the origination of coelom?

A

proto-forms simply and directly from mesoderm

deutero-forms indirectly form archenteron

57
Q

When did deuterostomes evolve from protostomes?

A

more than 500 mya

58
Q

Describe the evolution of segmentation.

A

segmentation provides 2 advantages:

  1. redundant organ systems
  2. more efficient and flexible movement
59
Q

What was the Cambrian explosion?

A

enormous expansion of animal diversity in Cambrian period, molecular analysis may explain this

60
Q

What did the homeobox (Hox) developmental gene complex provide?

A

a tool that can produce rapid changes in body plan

biology 192 (10 decks)

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