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Biology 192 > Plant Reproduction > Flashcards

Plant Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 growth phases and stages?

A

Vegetative, Reproduction, and Ripening

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2
Q

Explain the plant life cycle.

A

Plant life cycle > fertilization produces embryo in seed > embryo develops into plant with flowers eventually > flowers produce gametes

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3
Q

What is the phase change?

A

transition from vegetative to reproductive growth

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4
Q

How does the light-dependent pathway in plants work?

A

use light as a cue allows plants to flower when abiotic conditions are optimal

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5
Q

How do short-day poinsettias flower in time for the winter holidays?

A

manipulation of photoperiod in greenhouses

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6
Q

How do temperature-dependent pathway work?

A

some plants require a period of chilling before flowering

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7
Q

What is the term when plants require a period of chilling before flowering?

A

vernalization

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8
Q

What do gibberelins do?

A

hormones that enhance the expression of LFY which is a big impact on flowering

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9
Q

What happens in the molecular regulation of light signaling?

A

phytochrome and cryptochrome (red and blue-light receptors) regulate flowering via a gene named CONSTANS (CO); CO is a transcription factor that turns on other genes, resulting in the expression of LEAFY (LFY) = flowering gene; LFY is key gene ‘telling’ a meristem to switch over to flowing (associated with phase change)

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10
Q

What happens in the autonomous pathway?

A

does not depend on external cues except for basic nutrition; allow day-neutral platoons to “count” and “remember”

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11
Q

What is an example of an autonomous plant?

A

tobacco plant

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12
Q

How does a tobacco plant have an autonomous pathway?

A

upper axillary buds of flowering tobacco will remember their position when rooted or grafted; terminal shoot tip becomes committed, or determined, to flower about 4 nodes before it initiates a flower

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13
Q

How do plants count and remember?

A

inhibitory signals are sent from roots

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14
Q

T/F The gametophyte is dominant, green, and nutritionally independent in bryophytes.

A

True

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15
Q

What are floral organs thought to have evolved from?

A

leaves

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16
Q

What is an incomplete flower?

A

missing one or more whorls

17
Q

What are the 2 types of symmetry in flowers?

A

radial and bilateral

18
Q

What is the structure and evolution of flowers?

A

separate floral parts grouped together or fused, floral parts lost or reduced, symmetry changed from radial to bilateral regulated by pollination

19
Q

What is the male gametophyte?

A

pollen grains

20
Q

What is the female gametophyte?

A

embryo sac

21
Q

What is pollination?

A

transfer of pollen from anthers to the stigma, pollen germinates and produces a tube that carries the sperm to the embryo sac

22
Q

What is double fertilization?

A

one sperm fuses with the egg to form a zygote, other sperm fuses with the polar nuclei to form a triploid cell (3n)

23
Q

After double fertilization what happens?

A

zygote divides by mitosis to form an embryo, triploid cell divides by mitosis to form the endosperm, which provides nutrients to the embryo and germinating seedling, integuments of ovule become seed coat, ovules become seeds, over becomes fruit

24
Q

A process unique to angiosperms is what?

A

double fertilization

25
Q

What is self-pollination?

A

pollen from a flower’s anther pollinates stigma of the same flower

26
Q

What is cross-pollination?

A

pollen from anther of one flower pollinates another flower’s stigma aka outcrossing

27
Q

What is pollination?

A

transfer pollen from the anther to the stigma

28
Q

What is an advantage of self-pollination?

A

fertilization can occur even when there are no plants of the same species

29
Q

What is a disadvantage of self-pollination?

A

the progeny has low genetic variation

30
Q

What are runners?

A

horizontal stems over the ground

31
Q

What are rhizomes?

A

underground stems

32
Q

What is a tuber?

A

tip of underground stems accumulate reserves

33
Q

What are suckers?

A

roots produce buds that can form new plants

34
Q

What is apomixis?

A

seed produces an embryo w/o fertilization

35
Q

What are perennial plants?

A

grow every year and produce seed and fruit for an indefinite amount of growing seasons

36
Q

What are annual plants?

A

grow, flower and form seeds and fruits within one growing season and die when the process is complete > the process leading up to their death is senescence

37
Q

What are biennial plants?

A

follow a 2 year life cycle

38
Q

The male gametes, pollen grains of the flowers, are formed in the what?

A

microspores

Biology 192 (10 decks)

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