Vegetarian and Vegan diets- health

Question 1

is a vegetarian diet therapeutic?

Answer 1

no

Question 2

what is a lacto-ovo vegetarian?

Answer 2

a vegetarian that does eat dairy products and eggs

Question 3

what is a lacto vegetarian?

Answer 3

a vegetarian that eats dairy but not eggs

Question 4

health benefits of vegetarian diet include:
- Healthy BMI (i.e. less overweight/obese)
- Reduced risk of development of diabetes and ???

Answer 4

heart disease

Question 5

a vegetarian diet pattern is associated with which two:
- 22% reduction in CHD mortality
- 28% reduction in CHD incidence
- CVD mortality
- Stroke mortality

Answer 5

-22% reduction in CHD mortality
- 28% reduction in CHD incidence

Question 6

an unhealthy plant based diet consists of increased or decreased
increased intakes of refined grains and sweets and desserts?

Answer 6

increased

Question 7

is this an odds ratio or causation:
the likelihood that an event will occur, expressed as a proportion of
the likelihood that the event will not occur.

Answer 7

Odds ratio

Question 8

is this an odds ratio or causation:
the relationship between cause and effect; causality the action of causing something

Answer 8

causation

Question 9

Vegetarians and vegans have the lowest levels of atherogenic
lipoproteins (IDL, LDL and virtually no sdLDL). is this good or bad for health?

Answer 9

good

Question 10

male vegans have the lowest ratio of apo B to apo A-1, so is a vegan diet likely to benefit them as their net flux of cholesterol going into the arterial wall is reduced?

Answer 10

yes, will benefit

Question 11

TRUE or FALSE:
vegan plasma lipids levels are within the normal range, so the rate of atherosclerosis is not increased

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Nutrients at risk in vegetarain and vegans:
* Vitamin B12 (and folate)
* Vitamin ???
* Calcium
* Iron
* Zinc
* Iodine
* Omega-3 PUFA EPA & DHA
* Protein

Answer 12

vitamin D

Question 13

vitamin B12 is found in which food sources?

Answer 13

fortified soy milk, fortified cereals, eggs, milk, nutritional yeast spreads, meat, liver, fish, oyster

Question 14

folate food sources does NOT include which category:
- green leafy vegetables,
- fruit
- liver,
- eggs,
- beans,
-fortified cereals
- fortified bread
- fortified soy milk

Answer 14

• fortified soy milk

Question 15

vitamin D food sources do NOT include which category:
- fortified soy milk and cereals
- eggs
- fatty fish,
- liver
- eggs
- mushrooms exposed to the sun
- green leafy vegetables

Answer 15

• green leafy vegetables do NOt contain vit D

Question 16

calcium food stores do NOT include which category:
- Vegetables – okra, kale,
cabbage, bok choy,
broccoli, Brussel sprouts
- tofu
- milk
- cheese
- fortified soy milk
- tahini
- yoghurt
- mushrooms

Answer 16

• mushrooms do NOT contain good source of calcium

Question 17

sources of iron in food do NOT include which category:
- Iron fortified foods
(bread, cereals)
- firm tofu
- eggs
- meat, chicken, fish
- nuts and seeds
- beans, legumes, lentils
- green leafy vegetables
- yoghurt

Answer 17

• yoghurt

Question 18

what blocks iron absorption?

Answer 18

calcium, tea drunk 1 hr before or after food intake

Question 19

sources of zinc do NOT include:
- wholegrains,
- oysters
- beef, pork, chicken,
- zinc fortified cereals
- nuts and seeds
- legumes
- tempeh and tofu
- mushrooms

Answer 19

• mushrooms not a good source of zinc

Question 20

TRUE or FALSE: The inhibitory effects of phytate on absorption of zinc can be minimised by modern food-processing methods such as soaking, heating, sprouting, fermenting and leavening

Answer 20

TRUE

Question 21

iodine food sources do NOT include:
- fish and seafood
- seaweed
- iodised salt
- iodised breads
- tempeh and tofu

Answer 21

• tempeh and tofu are NOT good sources of iodine

Question 22

TRUE or FALSE: polyunsaturated fatty acids do NOT need to be processed by the body before it can be used

Answer 22

FALSE, they do need processing by body

Question 23

which PUFA is known as omega-3 long chain PUFA (n-3 LCPUFA) and are referred to as marine sources of n-3 PUFA

Answer 23

EPA, DPA & DHA

Question 24

Children with amino acid metabolism disorders (extremely low protein diet, i.e. no fish, meat & eggs) have no problem with the omega-6 OR omega-3 pathway as can convert linoleic acid to arachidonic acid but can’t synthesise
enough DHA for optimal health?

Answer 24

omega-6 pathway

Question 25

Omega-3 Food Sources - Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA):
- ???
- dairy products
- nuts and walnuts
- chia seeds
- soybeans
- spreads
- vegetables

Answer 25

seaweed

Question 26

Omega-3 Food Sources - EPA and DHA do NOT include:
- some seaweed
- fish and seafood
- meat
- enriched eggs
- algal supplements
- spreads

Answer 26

• spreads

Question 27

Are traditional vegetarian diets that include legumes, nuts and seeds sufficient to achieve full protein
adequacy?

Answer 27

yes

Question 28

TRUE or FALSE: Vegans were 3.15cm shorter and vegetarians were 1.9cm shorter than omnivores

Answer 28

TRUE

Question 29

TRUE or FALSE: Vegans had 15.2% lower and vegetarians had 7.3% lower Bone Mineral Density than
omnivores

Answer 29

TRUE

Question 30

Vegetarians had a 43% increase or decrease risk of haemorrhagic stroke?

Answer 30

increase

Question 31

Prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiencies during pregnancy
is ???%

Answer 31

39%

Question 32

Lower DHA levels in fetal plasma of vegetarian mothers is often or not often found?

Answer 32

often

Question 33

TRUE or FALSE: pregnant women need additional protein as 21g of protein/day is
deposited in fetal, placental and maternal tissues during pregnancy

Answer 33

TRUE