Eloctrolytes Flashcards
Osmotic pressure = pressure needed to oppose (i.e. stop) the movement of water across ???
the membrane
Tonicity = solute concentration
of 2 solutions separated by a
??? membrane
semipermeable
Tonicity determines the movement of water and cell ??? across the cell membrane.
cell size
Osmolarity or Tonicity (?) can help determine which, if any, solutes move from one solution to another across membrane
Osmolarity
Osmolarity or Tonicity (?) merely helps to determine whether water would flow into a given solution from its surrounding solution, or if it would lose its water to the outside solution.
Tonicity
pushing force ie pressure of the fluid on the capillary walls is the osmotic or hydrostatic pressure?
hydrostatic pressure
Pulling force ie pressure needed to oppose the movement of water across the membrane is the osmotic or hydrostatic pressure?
osmotic pressure
oedema is caused by a decrease or increaser (?) in colloids = decreased osmotic pressure. e.g. loss of plasma proteins eg proteinuria in kidney disease
decreased colloids
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial space is characteristic of which illness?
Oedema
nephrotic syndrome has a rentention of water and sodium because of Albumin loss = increased OR decreased (?) blood volume = increased secretion of renin & aldosterone as well as ADH = Na+ &
water retention
decreased
Why do wounds heal more slowly in people with oedema?
Oedema compresses arteries in the area = reduced blood flow & capillary exchange and supply of nutrients to cell for energy, function and reproduction
Hypoalbuminemia causes general oedema because of a lower osmotic pressure which promotes a shift of fluid from capillaries into the ??? fluid
interstitial fluid
vomiting causes dehydration as water moves from the ??? compartment to the digestive tract
vascular compartment
skin breakdown is common in patients with prolonged oedema because prolonged oedema interferes with arterial or venous (?) circulation & capillary exchange reducing mitosis in the skin & predisposing to skin breakdown
arterial
causes of dehydration don’t include which one?
- Vomiting & diarrhea
- insufficient H20 intake eg elderly / comatose person
- medications
- drainage of any portion of digestive system
- excessive sweating
- diabetic ketoacidosis
trick question, they all do
diarrhoea types: Osmotic – too much or not enough (?) water drawn into bowel eg lactose intolerance. Retain solutes such as Na and lose water
too much water
diarrhoea types: Inflammatory – damage and destruction to epithelium eg Campylobacter. Inefficient absorption of water and loss of ??? and electrolytes
protein
diarrhoea types: Secretory- when Cl- is lost, Na & water will follow eg
cholera. Losses are ??? but massive
isotonic
diarrhoea types: Hypermobility eg due to medication TRUE or FALSE?
TRUE
what is lost in diarrhoea?
- Fluid
- ???
- Bicarbonate
- ??? (hint helps coagulate/ blood clot)
- Protein (if inflammatory)
- Na
- K
Infants /kids require proportionally greater volumes of water than adults to maintain their fluid equilibrium and are more susceptible to volume
depletion because their kidneys …??? and they also have a higher TBW & higher metabolic rates & higher insensible fluid losses & higher turnover of fluids and solute
are slower and more limited
in ability to compensate for
fluid loss
dehydration : loss of more electrolytes than water is indicative of hyper or hypo tonic dehydration?
hypotonic dehydration
dehydration: loss of more water than electrolytes is indicative of hyper or hypo tonic dehydration?
hypertonic dehydration
isotonic dehydration is an ??? loss of water and electrolytes from inadequate water intake and/or hypovolemia
equal
fluid deficit such as Isotonic dehydration can be from sweating = loss of H2O & ???
NaCl
TRUE or FALSE: Losing electrolytes affects ??? balance due to osmotic
pressure changes between compartments. To restore balance, electrolytes & water must be replaced not just one component – choice of IV fluid crucial
water
sports drinks are a good replacement for electrolytes because they: replace lost Na, restoring balance in the body. H20 alone would dilute electrolytes in ECF or ICF (?), decreasing OP and lead to
further fluid shifts in the body. Glucose = nutrient for cells with higher metabolic rate= reduced risk of acidosis.
ECF
TRUE or FALSE: dehydration causes increased hematocrit (ratio RBC: blood volume)
TRUE
does dehydration cause specific gravity of urine to increase or decrease?
increase
water, Na+, K+, HCO3, glucose & other nutrients are lost in dehydration or fever?
dehydration
water, NaCl (sweat), CO2 (increased respirations) are lost in dehydration or fever?
fever
What are the clinical manifestations of severe dehydration?
- ??? mucous membranes,
- Decreased tissue turgor,
- decreased urine output,
- decreased vascular volume
dry
isotonic imbalance is the gain/loss of ECF that causes or doesn’t cause (?) shrinking/swelling of cells
doesn’t cause
Imbalance that results in concentration of the ECF via water
loss or solute gain; results in cells shrinking is hypertonic or hypotonic?
hypertonic
Imbalance that results in dilution of the ECF via water gain or solute loss; results in cells SWELLING hypertonic of hypotonic
hypotonic
Isotonic fluid loss: eg lose ??? such as in the case of haemorrhage or excess sweating
plasma or ECF
Isotonic fluid gain can be caused, for example, by ??? normal saline
excess
Osmolality of the ECF is elevated above normal when Na is increased or decreased (?) - can be caused by IVF from the excess hypertonic salt
solution
increased
Osmolality of the ECF is elevated above normal from water deficit and can also be affected from ??? from diabetes
hyperglycaemia
hypertonic OR hypotonic (?) solutions:
End result = ECF hypertonicity attracts water from intracellular space → ICF dehydration
hypertonic
Pathophysiology of ???: water loss or acute gain in Na. Causes ICF and ECF
dehydration. Usually always follows deficit of ECF water (eg sweating, watery diarrhea, DI, fever) or inadequate water intake
hypernatremia
What are the following symptoms for? Water is redistributed from to the ECF = IC dehydration. Thirst, fever, dry mucous membranes, hypotension & restlessness (as a result of water loss)
- Specific gravity of urine = >1.03 (N:1.005-1.030)
- CNS symptoms related to shrinking of brain cells are most serious eg convulsions, agitation, cerebral haemorrage
Hypernatremia
Osmolality of the ECF is less than normal from decreased ??? water excess, Isotonic dehydration
treated with hypotonic solution
Na
Deficits in Na = decreased in cell’s
ability to depolarise and repolarise. symptoms are lethargy, confusion, muscle weakness, twitching/convulsions. This is characteristic of ???
hyponatremia
Hypokalaemia: Severe K+ deficiencies are characterised by
- Weak respiratory muscles = deep or shallow (?) respirations
- Cardiac dysrhythmias - prolonged repolarisation = cardiac
arrest
shallow respirations
Treatment of what electrolyte deficiency is via:
IV infusion (emergency), supplements
one glass of milk supplies only 300mg of it
calcium
the CATS of hypocalcaemia stand for
Convulsion
Arrhythmia
T ???
Spasms, stridor
Tetany
Hypocalcaemia or Hypercalcaemia cause neural excitability is decreased = loss muscle tone, weakness ie sluggish nerve conduction?
Hypercalcaemia
treatment of ??? includes
diuretics (increased Na excretion & Ca excretion)
drugs to inhibit bone resorption
Hypercalcaemia
