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Pathophysiology MEDI212 > Eloctrolytes > Flashcards

Eloctrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Osmotic pressure = pressure needed to oppose (i.e. stop) the movement of water across ???

A

the membrane

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2
Q

Tonicity = solute concentration
of 2 solutions separated by a
??? membrane

A

semipermeable

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3
Q

Tonicity determines the movement of water and cell ??? across the cell membrane.

A

cell size

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4
Q

Osmolarity or Tonicity (?) can help determine which, if any, solutes move from one solution to another across membrane

A

Osmolarity

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5
Q

Osmolarity or Tonicity (?) merely helps to determine whether water would flow into a given solution from its surrounding solution, or if it would lose its water to the outside solution.

A

Tonicity

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6
Q

pushing force ie pressure of the fluid on the capillary walls is the osmotic or hydrostatic pressure?

A

hydrostatic pressure

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7
Q

Pulling force ie pressure needed to oppose the movement of water across the membrane is the osmotic or hydrostatic pressure?

A

osmotic pressure

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8
Q

oedema is caused by a decrease or increaser (?) in colloids = decreased osmotic pressure. e.g. loss of plasma proteins eg proteinuria in kidney disease

A

decreased colloids

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8
Q

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial space is characteristic of which illness?

A

Oedema

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9
Q

nephrotic syndrome has a rentention of water and sodium because of Albumin loss = increased OR decreased (?) blood volume = increased secretion of renin & aldosterone as well as ADH = Na+ &
water retention

A

decreased

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9
Q

Why do wounds heal more slowly in people with oedema?

A

Oedema compresses arteries in the area = reduced blood flow & capillary exchange and supply of nutrients to cell for energy, function and reproduction

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10
Q

Hypoalbuminemia causes general oedema because of a lower osmotic pressure which promotes a shift of fluid from capillaries into the ??? fluid

A

interstitial fluid

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10
Q

vomiting causes dehydration as water moves from the ??? compartment to the digestive tract

A

vascular compartment

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11
Q

skin breakdown is common in patients with prolonged oedema because prolonged oedema interferes with arterial or venous (?) circulation & capillary exchange reducing mitosis in the skin & predisposing to skin breakdown

A

arterial

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12
Q

causes of dehydration don’t include which one?
- Vomiting & diarrhea
- insufficient H20 intake eg elderly / comatose person
- medications
- drainage of any portion of digestive system
- excessive sweating
- diabetic ketoacidosis

A

trick question, they all do

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13
Q

diarrhoea types: Osmotic – too much or not enough (?) water drawn into bowel eg lactose intolerance. Retain solutes such as Na and lose water

A

too much water

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14
Q

diarrhoea types: Inflammatory – damage and destruction to epithelium eg Campylobacter. Inefficient absorption of water and loss of ??? and electrolytes

A

protein

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14
Q

diarrhoea types: Secretory- when Cl- is lost, Na & water will follow eg
cholera. Losses are ??? but massive

A

isotonic

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14
Q

diarrhoea types: Hypermobility eg due to medication TRUE or FALSE?

A

TRUE

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15
Q

what is lost in diarrhoea?
- Fluid
- ???
- Bicarbonate
- ??? (hint helps coagulate/ blood clot)
- Protein (if inflammatory)

A
  • Na
  • K
16
Q

Infants /kids require proportionally greater volumes of water than adults to maintain their fluid equilibrium and are more susceptible to volume
depletion because their kidneys …??? and they also have a higher TBW & higher metabolic rates & higher insensible fluid losses & higher turnover of fluids and solute

A

are slower and more limited
in ability to compensate for
fluid loss

17
Q

dehydration : loss of more electrolytes than water is indicative of hyper or hypo tonic dehydration?

A

hypotonic dehydration

18
Q

dehydration: loss of more water than electrolytes is indicative of hyper or hypo tonic dehydration?

A

hypertonic dehydration

19
Q

isotonic dehydration is an ??? loss of water and electrolytes from inadequate water intake and/or hypovolemia

A

equal

20
Q

fluid deficit such as Isotonic dehydration can be from sweating = loss of H2O & ???

A

NaCl

21
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Losing electrolytes affects ??? balance due to osmotic
pressure changes between compartments. To restore balance, electrolytes & water must be replaced not just one component – choice of IV fluid crucial

A

water

22
Q

sports drinks are a good replacement for electrolytes because they: replace lost Na, restoring balance in the body. H20 alone would dilute electrolytes in ECF or ICF (?), decreasing OP and lead to
further fluid shifts in the body. Glucose = nutrient for cells with higher metabolic rate= reduced risk of acidosis.

A

ECF

23
Q

TRUE or FALSE: dehydration causes increased hematocrit (ratio RBC: blood volume)

A

TRUE

24
Q

does dehydration cause specific gravity of urine to increase or decrease?

A

increase

25
Q

water, Na+, K+, HCO3, glucose & other nutrients are lost in dehydration or fever?

A

dehydration

26
Q

water, NaCl (sweat), CO2 (increased respirations) are lost in dehydration or fever?

A

fever

26
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of severe dehydration?
- ??? mucous membranes,
- Decreased tissue turgor,
- decreased urine output,
- decreased vascular volume

A

dry

27
Q

isotonic imbalance is the gain/loss of ECF that causes or doesn’t cause (?) shrinking/swelling of cells

A

doesn’t cause

28
Q

Imbalance that results in concentration of the ECF via water
loss or solute gain; results in cells shrinking is hypertonic or hypotonic?

A

hypertonic

29
Q

Imbalance that results in dilution of the ECF via water gain or solute loss; results in cells SWELLING hypertonic of hypotonic

A

hypotonic

30
Q

Isotonic fluid loss: eg lose ??? such as in the case of haemorrhage or excess sweating

A

plasma or ECF

31
Q

Isotonic fluid gain can be caused, for example, by ??? normal saline

A

excess

32
Q

Osmolality of the ECF is elevated above normal when Na is increased or decreased (?) - can be caused by IVF from the excess hypertonic salt
solution

A

increased

33
Q

Osmolality of the ECF is elevated above normal from water deficit and can also be affected from ??? from diabetes

A

hyperglycaemia

34
Q

hypertonic OR hypotonic (?) solutions:
End result = ECF hypertonicity attracts water from intracellular space → ICF dehydration

A

hypertonic

35
Q

Pathophysiology of ???: water loss or acute gain in Na. Causes ICF and ECF
dehydration. Usually always follows deficit of ECF water (eg sweating, watery diarrhea, DI, fever) or inadequate water intake

A

hypernatremia

36
Q

What are the following symptoms for? Water is redistributed from to the ECF = IC dehydration. Thirst, fever, dry mucous membranes, hypotension & restlessness (as a result of water loss)
- Specific gravity of urine = >1.03 (N:1.005-1.030)
- CNS symptoms related to shrinking of brain cells are most serious eg convulsions, agitation, cerebral haemorrage

A

Hypernatremia

37
Q

Osmolality of the ECF is less than normal from decreased ??? water excess, Isotonic dehydration
treated with hypotonic solution

A

Na

38
Q

Deficits in Na = decreased in cell’s
ability to depolarise and repolarise. symptoms are lethargy, confusion, muscle weakness, twitching/convulsions. This is characteristic of ???

A

hyponatremia

39
Q

Hypokalaemia: Severe K+ deficiencies are characterised by
- Weak respiratory muscles = deep or shallow (?) respirations
- Cardiac dysrhythmias - prolonged repolarisation = cardiac
arrest

A

shallow respirations

40
Q

Treatment of what electrolyte deficiency is via:
 IV infusion (emergency), supplements
 one glass of milk supplies only 300mg of it

A

calcium

41
Q

the CATS of hypocalcaemia stand for
Convulsion
Arrhythmia
T ???
Spasms, stridor

A

Tetany

42
Q

Hypocalcaemia or Hypercalcaemia cause neural excitability is decreased = loss muscle tone, weakness ie sluggish nerve conduction?

A

Hypercalcaemia

43
Q

treatment of ??? includes
 diuretics (increased Na excretion & Ca excretion)
 drugs to inhibit bone resorption

A

Hypercalcaemia

Pathophysiology MEDI212 (14 decks)

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