terminology Flashcards
Idiopathic - cause of disease is KNOWn or UNKNOWN?
unknown
Iatrogenic - treatment, procedure or error may cause a disease, e.g. catheter = ???
UTI
Predisposing factors - promote ??? of disease.
development
Pathogenesis: Sequence of events at a ??? level from initial “aetiologic event” until known disease.
cellular/tissue
TRUE or FALSE: Pathogenesis is not about the cause but often describes events/diagnosis of symptoms before the disease is diagnosed.
TRUE
Morphological changes relate to structural cell or ??? changes characteristic of a disease.
tissue
TRUE or FALSE: Signs and symptoms may be related to the primary disorder (e.g. genetic syndromes with a cluster of characteristics) OR represent the body’s defence or coping mechanisms (e.g. fever, changes in urine output)
TRUE
Signs - obvious to someone other that the subject e.g. ???, ???
fever, skin rash
Symptoms - subjective feelings e.g. ???, ???
pain, nausea
Lesion - describes a specific local change in the cell or tissue?
tissue
Syndrome - collections of signs & symptoms that occur together or seperately?
together
Epidemiology - the science of tracking the pattern or ??? of disease
occurrence
Prevalence of disease - indicates the number of cases of a disease that are present in a population at a ???
specific time
Incidence of disease - indicates the number of new cases within a given ???
time period
many cases of infectious disease
within a given area = pandemic or epidemic?
epidemic
high number of cases in several
areas = pandemic or epidemic?
pandemic
H1N1 – Swine Flu is an example of an epidemic or pandemic?
pandemic
sudden illness = Acute disease OR chronic disease?
acute disease
milder but long-term illness = acute disease OR chronic disease?
chronic disease
Subclinical state - pathological changes have occurred but no ???
manifestations
latent stage or “silent” stage = clinical signs PRESENT or HIDDEN?
e.g. incubation period - infectious disease
Present
Prodromal period - early OR late (?) development of disease
early
A precipitating factor - a condition that triggers an ??? e.g. a seizure or a mild heart attack
acute episode
Complications refer to new secondary or additional
problems that arise after the ???
original disease begins
Clinical Course of disease is the progression of disease over time including the ??? of changes, the sequence of events and how long it
takes
eg Chronic, acute, recurrent, relapsing
speed of changes
Sequelae refers to the potential outcome of the primary OR secondary (?) disease e.g. scar tissue & its effects
primary
Morbidity indicates disease ??? within a group
rates
Convalescence refers to the period of recovery & return to ??? state
normal healthy
biopsy refers to ??? specimens
tissue
what is the study of diseases from the perspective of structural, particularly histological, abnormalities of cells & tissues
Histopathology
what is the study of primary diseases of the
blood, as well as the effects of other diseases on
the blood
haemotology
Chemical pathology is the study of biochemical abnormalities in
the ???, urine and other tissues
blood
TRUE or FALSE: Immunopathology - analysis of the immune
function
true
Common diagnostic tests include:
Imaging technology or ???, blood and urine tests, nuclear scanning, endoscopic
radiology
Nuclear scanning is a bone scan that will reveal stress fracture, fracture, infection or cancer in the ??? or ???
bone or joints.
Haematocrit = volume of packed red blood cells to ??? blood volume
total blood volume
Plasma = anticoagulant was or wasn’t (?) used and will contain clotting factors like fibrinogen.
WAS used
Serum = anticoagulant was or wasn’t (?) used and the blood clots, and will not contain fibrinogen.
was NOT
an increase in renin = hypo or hyper tension ?
hypertension
production of excessive amounts of urine can be a sign of:
- hormonal or metabolic disorders like diabetes
- damage to the ???= glomerulonephritis
glomeruli
Anuria - urine volume 0-50ml/day is a sign of serious ??? problems & potential failure
kidney/renal
TRUE or FALSE Routine Urinalysis = physical examination
true
specific gravity of urine- shows the kidney’s ability to concentrate or dilute urine to clear waste from
the ???.
plasma
Specific gravity is the ratio of ??? of substance to that of an equal volume of water (urine osmolality) and is greater than 1
weight
If you are dehydrated the specific gravity of your urine will increase or decrease?
increase
Specific gravity of 1.005-1.030- The effect of increased ADH (antidiuretic
hormone) production will increase or decrease specific gravity of urine?
increase because: ADH is a hormone which causes the kidneys to
absorb more water – decreasing the volume of
urine produced.
The effect of diabetes insipidus on
specific gravity? increase or decrease?
decrease
Haematuria - presence of ??? in urine
RBC
Proteinuria (albuminuria) - presence of protein in urine (normal <10mg/100ml). Common in ???, all forms of renal disease
pregnancy
*Haemoglobinuria
presence of Hb in urine, e.g. increase or decrease (?) RBC haemolysis
increase in
Bilirubin - normal is 0 If > 0, indicates increased destruction of RBC & the
breakdown of haeme to bilirubin, where the bilirubin is excreted into ???. e.g. obstructive jaundice
bile
