GUT Microbiome Flashcards
is bifidobacteria good or bad?
good
are escherichia coli bacteria good or bad?
good
are lactobacilli good or bad?
good
are campylobacter bacteria good or bad?
bad
enterococcus faecalis good or bad?
bad
clostridium difficile good or bad?
bad
what does the gut microbiome do in relation to non-digestible fibre?
Non-digestible fibre (e.g dietary fibre) fermentation into short chain fatty acids (SCFAs)
SCFAs from bacteria-fermentation of non-digestible fibre includes: acetate, propionate, ???
butyrate
Propionate, a SCFA from bacterial-fermentation, is transferred to the liver and helps to regulate gluconeogenesis and ???
satiety
Acetate, a SCFA from bacterial-fermentation is the most abundant SCFA and essential for growth of other bacteria. It reaches peripheral tissues where it is used in ??? metabolism and lipogenesis
– Central to appetite regulation
cholesterol
Butyrate, a SCFA from bacterial fermentation, is the main energy source for human colonocytes. It can induce apoptosis of colon cancer cells and can activate intestinal ???
– prevents gut microbiota dysbiosis
gluconeogenesis
Other specific products of the gut microbiota are ??? and indolepropionic acid
Trimethylamine
TRUE or FALSE: Trimethylamine from dietary phosphatidylcholine and carnitine depends on gut microbiota, therefore levels varies greatly between people
TRUE
Indolepropionic acid is highly correlated with dietary ???
intake
fibre
Intestinal bacteria play a role in synthesizing vitamin ??? and K as well as metabolizing bile acids, sterols and xenobiotics
vitamin B
xenobiotics is a term used to describe ??? that are not usually naturally made or expected to be found within an organism
chemical substances
The systemic importance of the SCFAs and other compounds they produce are like hormones and the gut flora itself appears to function like an endocrine organ. Dysregulation of the gut flora has been correlated with ??? and ???conditions
inflammatory and autoimmune conditions
gut Microbiota includes Number of different microbe species > 1000 (include viruses and ???).
fungi
??? and firmicutes are the largest phyla of bacteria in human microbiome
Bacteroidetes
Bacteroidetes are correlated with ??? and lean body types. They are supported/found in foods high in polyphenols (apple, pear, grapes,
cherries and many berries)
weight loss
Firmicutes increase or decrease with higher caloric intake and are associated with Western cultures
Increase
Higher Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio is related to increased or decreased BMI
increased
Akkermansia muciniphila in the intestinal tract may reduce obesity, ???, and inflammation.
diabetes
TRUE or FALSE: Increases in Akkermansia muciniphila have been
associated with multiple sclerosis.
TRUE
an increase or decrease in Akkermansia muciniphila c is associated with the increased risk of type 2 diabetes and obesity
decrease
bifidobacterium play a role in regulation of intestinal microbial homeostasis, inhibition of ??? that colonise and/or infect the gut mucosa,
pathogens (including harmful bacteria)
bifidobacterium play a role in modulation of local and systemic immune responses, the repression of ??? activities within the microbiota, the production of vitamins, and the bioconversion of a number of dietary compounds into bioactive molecules.
procarcinogenic enzymatic
TRUE or FALSE: Bifidobacteria improve the gut mucosal barrier and
lower levels of lipopolysaccharide in the intestine
TRUE
Adding which bacteria, bifidobacterium OR akkermansia, as a probiotic to conventional treatment of ulcerative colitis has been shown to be associated with improved rates of remission and improved maintenance of remission?
bifidobacterium
lactobacillus protects host from potential invasions by pathogens, and in turn, the host provides a source of ???.
nutrients
Beneficial varieties of lactobacillus or bifidobacterium (?) produce vitamins and nutrients, boost immunity and protect against carcinogens. It can help treat diarrhoea, vaginal infections and skin disorders such as eczema
lactobacillus
E.coli can produce vitamin ??? (involved in blood clotting). Help keep other bad bacteria in check.
vitamin K2
which one is a common cause of post-surgical infections and has been frequently found in re-infected
root canal-treated teeth in prevalence values ranging from 30% to 90% of the cases:
Enterococcus Faecalis OR campylobacter
Enterococcus Faecalis
Clostridium Difficile proliferate after a round of ??? and may become established in the human colon; it is present in 2–5% of the adult population
antibiotics
food source of akkermansia includes:
- Prebiotic sources include fruits like
grapes, pomegranate and cranberries,
- fructooligosaccharides
- ??? (chicory root, garlic, bananas, onion)
Inulin
Bifidobacterium are found in probiotic supplements, high fibre
foods, ??? (yoghurt, kefir, kimchi,
kombucha, tempeh)
fermented foods
lactobacillus are found in pro-biotic
supplements, ???, kefir, buttermilk
yoghurt
TRUE or FALSE: jet lag is bad because it disrupts the daily fluctuations of gut bacteria
TRUE
which diet promotes reduced incidence of neurodegenerative disorders, psychiatric conditions, cancer and cardiovascular disease
from and increase in Bacteriodetes & increase Proteobacteria & Firmicute levels
mediterannean diet
Dietary fibre - is the edible parts of plants or analogous carbohydrates that are ??? to digestion and absorption in the human small intestine, with complete or partial
fermentation in the large intestine
resistant
Pre-biotics - a non-digestible food ingredient that ??? the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the intestines
promotes
is it pre-biotics or Pro-biotics that are microorganisms that are claimed to provide health benefits when consumed
Pro-biotics
probiotics are found in all the following but NOT ???:
- Yoghurt,
- Kefir,
- Sauerkraut,
- Tempeh,
- Kimchi,
- Miso,
- Kombucha
- garlic
garlic
prebiotics are found in all the following but NOT ???:
- Foods containing inulin, fructooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides & resistant starch
- Garlic
- onions
- leeks
- Jerusalem artichokes
- chicory root
- Human milk oligo-saccharides
- leafy green vegetables
leafy green vegetables
medications including proton-pump inhibitors, antibiotics, ???, Metformin are bad for the gut microbiome
NSAIDs
Metformin (diabetes) – increase A. muciniphila (a butyrate-producer) and ???
Lactobacilli
