Vascular System

Question 1

What are 3 examples of portal systems we discussed in class?

Answer 1

Hepatic Portal

Kidney

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal

Question 2

Hepatic Portal System:

• liver receives [] blood from the hepatic artery and partially [] blood from teh hepatic portal vein
• Blood from both sources is mixed inthe liver before eiting via the [] vein

Answer 2

• liver receives oxygenated blood from the hepatic artery and partially deoxygenated blood from the hepatic portal vein
• Blood from both sources is mixed in the liver before exiting via the hepatic vein

Question 3

Kidney Portal System:

1. Blood from the [] arteriole in the kidney enters the [], a capillary bed where blood is filtered. Blood exits the glomerulus through the [] arteriole to supply the [] bed of the kidney.

Answer 3

1. Blood from the afferent arteriole in the kidney enters the glomerulus, a capillary bed where blood is filtered. Blood exits the glomerulus through the efferent arteriole to supply the microvascular bed of the kidney.

Question 4

What are the 3 general layers of the vascular wall and what type of tissue is usually found in each layer?

Answer 4

• Tunica Intima - epithelium
• Tunica Media - muscle
• Tunica Adventitia - connective tissue

Question 5

T/F

If a blood vessel is large enough, nerves and even other blood vessels can be found in the tunica media to support the larger vessel.

Answer 5

FALSE

You would find this supporting nerves/vessels in the Tunica Adventitia

Question 6

Tunica Intima:

1. [] layer consisting of…
   
   1. [] - simple squamos epithelium lining blood vessels
   2. [] lamina
   3. Subendothelium - [] [] tissue (sometimes containing [] [])
2. The subendothelium layer in arteries and arterioles has an internal [] membrane that seperates the tunica intima from the [] []

Answer 6

1. innermost layer consisting of…
   
   1. endothelium - simple squamos epithelium lining blood vessels
   2. basal lamina
   3. Subendothelium - loose connective tissue (sometimes containing smooth muscle)
2. The subendothelium layer in arteries and arterioles has an internal elastic membrane that seperates the tunica intima from the tunica media

Question 7

Tunica Media:

1. middle layer of circumferentially arranged [] [] cells. with variable amounts of [], [] fibers, and [] .
2. All extracellular components are produced by the [] [] []
3. In some arteries an [] elastic [] is present which separates teh tunica media from the [] []

Answer 7

1. middle layer of circumferentially arranged smooth muscle cells. with variable amounts of elastin, reticular fibers, and proteoglycans.
2. All extracellular components are produced by the smooth muscle cells
3. In some arteries an external elast membrane is present which separates the tunica media from the tunica adventitia

Question 8

Tunica Adventitia:

1. [] connective tissue layer
2. Relatively [] in most vessels of the arterial system
3. Relatively [] in most vessels of the vein and venule system
4. In large arteries and veins, it contains the [] [] and [] [] (think about “support”)

Answer 8

1. outermost connective tissue layer
2. Relatively thin in most vessels of the arterial system
3. Relatively thick in most vessels of the vein and venule system
4. In large arteries and veins, it contains the vaso vasorum and nervi vascularis (think about “support”)

Question 9

T/F

Capillaries posses endothelium and elastic tissue?

Answer 9

FALSE

Capillaries only have endothelium

Question 10

T/F

Arteries and Veins posses endothelium, elastic tissue, smooth muscle, and fibrous tissue?

Answer 10

True!

Question 11

T/F

Venules contain more smooth muscle than arterioles?

Answer 11

FALSE

1. Venules wouldnt’ have more SM just cuz that wouldnt make sense
2. ALSO - venules have NO smooth muscle

Question 12

Endothelium Cells:

1. simple [] epithelium lining [] blood vessels
2. Connected by [] junctions
3. Endothelial activation is also responsible for the pathgenesis of many vascular disease such as [] and []

Answer 12

1. simple squamos epithelium lining all blood vessels
2. Connected by tight junctions
3. Endothelial activation is also responsible for the pathgenesis of many vascular disease such as thrombosis and atherosclerosis

Question 13

All vessels have a [] lamina.

Answer 13

Basal

Question 14

What type of junctions holds endothelial cells together? [] Occluden

1. To increase permeability through these junctions what protein would be expressed more?
2. To decrease permeability through these junctions, what protein would be expressed more?

Answer 14

Zonula Occluden

1. Claudins
2. Occludens

Question 15

Functions of endothelial Cells:

1. Maintenance of a [] [] barrier
2. Maintenance of a [] barrier
3. Modulation of blood [] and [] resistance
4. Regulation and [] of immune responses
5. [] synthesis
6. Other [] activities
7. Modification of [] by oxidation

Answer 15

1. Maintenance of a selectively permeable barrier
2. Maintenance of a nonthrombogenic barrier
3. Modulation of blood flow and vascular resistance
4. Regulation and modulation of immune responses
5. Hormonal synthesis
6. Other metabolic activities
7. Modification of lipoproteins by oxidation

Question 16

Endothelial cells maintain a selectively permeable barrier through simple [], [] transport, and [] - [] endocytosis

Answer 16

Endothelial cells maintain a selectively permeable barrier through simple diffusion, active transport, and receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 17

Endothelial cells use active transport in 2 ways…

• transcellular transport via [] vesicles (clathrin-[] endocytosis)
• Through [] transport through the zonula []

Answer 17

• transcellular transport via pinocytotic vesicles (clathrin-independent endocytosis)
• Through paracellular transport through the zonula occludens

Question 18

Endothelial cells maintain the nonthrombogenic barrier by produceing [] and [] agents.

Answer 18

anticoagulants and antithrombotic agents.

Question 19

Endothelial Cells can control blood flow and vascular resistance by producing:

1. Vasodilaters - [], Prostacyclin, and []-derived [] factor (EDHF)
2. Vasoconstricters - []-1 (ET-1), Thromboxane A2, and []

Answer 19

1. Vasodilaters - nitric oxide, Prostacyclin, and enothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF)
2. Vasoconstricters - Endothelin-1 (ET-1), Thromboxane A2, and prostaglandin

Question 20

[] - [] is the most potent vasoconstrictor

Answer 20

Endothelin-1

Question 21

LDLs are oxidized and then phagocytized by macrophages and become [] cells within what layer of vascular tissuer…[] ?

Answer 21

foam cells

Endothelium/ Tunica Intima

Question 22

Arteries are classified into 3 types based on the size and caracteristics of the [] []

1. Large or [] arteries
2. Medium or [] arteries
3. Small arteries and []

Answer 22

1. Arteries are classified into 3 types based on the size and caracteristics of the tunica media
2. Large or elastic arteries
3. Medium or muscular arteries
4. Small arteries and arterioles

Question 23

Elastic arteries:

1. maintains [] blood flow.
2. Tunica Intima - relatively [], consists of enothelial, subendothelial layer of [] and [], smooth [] and internal [] membrane,
3. Tunica Media - [] layer. Elastin layer allows for [] during systole and [] during diastole
   
   1. Smooth muscle produces molecues of the [] []
   2. Contains no []
   3. Contains [] fibers and ground substance
4. Tunica adventitia - relatively [] layer
   
   1. Contains Fibers, [] and [] are the principle cells of this layer
   2. Contains [] and [] supply

Answer 23

1. maintains continuous blood flow.
2. Tunica Intima - relatively thick, consists of enothelial, subendothelial layer of collagen and elastic, smooth muscle and internal elastic membrane,
3. Tunica Media - thickest layer. Elastin layer allows for expansion during systole and recoil during diastole
   
   1. Smooth muscle produces molecues of the extracellular matrix
   2. Contains no fibroblasts
   3. Contains collagen fibers and ground substance
4. Tunica adventitia - relatively thin layer
   
   1. Contains Fibers, fibroblasts and macrophages are the principle cells of this layer
   2. Contains blood and nerve supply

Question 24

Medium/Muscular Arteries:

1. Function as [] vessel
2. Tunica Intima - consists of…
   
   1. Endothelial lining with [] lamina
   2. Sparse []
   3. Prominent internal [] []
3. Tunica Media - composed of concentrically arranged [] [] cells amid [] fibers.
   
   1. No []
4. Tunica Adventitia - [] compared to elastic arteries
   
   1. seperated from the tunica media by the [] [] membrane
   2. Consists of fibroblasts, [] and [] fibers, and sometimes [] cells

Answer 24

1. Function as distribution vessel
2. Tunica Intima - consists of…
   
   1. Endothelial lining with basal lamina
   2. Sparse subendothelium
   3. Prominent internal elastic membrane
3. Tunica Media - composed of concentrically arranged smooth muscle cells amid collagen fibers.
   
   1. No fibroblasts
4. Tunica Adventitia - thick compared to elastic arteries
   
   1. seperated from the tunica media by the external elastic membrane
   2. Consists of fibroblasts, collagen and elastic fibers, and sometimes adipose cells

Question 25

Small Arteries/Arterioles: 1. Changes in the tunica media change [] flow and [] 2. Tunica Media 1. Up to 8-10 layers in [] arteries 2. Only [] - [] layers in arterioles 3. Tunica Adventitia - not well defined. Blends with surrounding [] tissue

Answer 25

1. Changes in the tunica media change **blood** flow and **resistance** 2. Tunica Media 1. Up to 8-10 layers in **small** **arteries** 2. Only **1-2** layers in arterioles 3. Tunica Adventitia - not well defined. Blends with surrounding **connective** tissue

Question 26

Capillaries: 1. [] vessels, [] surface area and [] pressure diffusion 2. Composed of a [] layer of [] cells 3. 4 - 10 um diameter, allows passage of [] blood cell at a time. 4. [], relatively undifferentiated cells that lie on outer surface of capillary endothelium 1. important in capillary [] and []

Answer 26

1. **exchange** vessels, **large** surface area and **low** pressure diffusion 2. Composed of a **single** layer of **endothelial** cells 3. 4 - 10 um diameter, allows passage of **one** blood cell at a time. 4. **Pericytes**, relatively undifferentiated cells that lie on outer surface of capillary endothelium 1. important in capillary **diameter** and **regeneration**

Question 27

What are the 3 classifications of Capillaries? Where in the body can these capillaries be found?

Answer 27

**Fenestrated** - kidney, endocrine glands **Continuous** - skeletal muscle, CT, exocrine glands, lungs, nervous tissue. **Sinusoidal (Discontinuous)** - liver, spleen, bone marrow

Question 28

T/F Continuous capillaries use active transport and pinocytosis to allow materials to move across?

Answer 28

FALSE Continous capillaries use **pinocytosis** or **diffusion**

Question 29

Continuous capillary endothelial cells are joined by [] junctions and have a [] basal lamina

Answer 29

occluden junctions continuous basal lamina

Question 30

T/F Pinocytotic vesicles are only found in Discontinuous and Fenestrated capillaries?

Answer 30

FALSE Pinocytotic vesicles are found in **Fenestrated** and **Continuous** capillaries.

Question 31

[] []/[] provide direct routes between arteries and veins by bypassing the capillary bed.

Answer 31

Arteriovenous Anastomoses/Shunts

Question 32

Veins compared to Arteries: 1. Veins usually have a [] shape compared to arteries 2. Veins usually are [] in diamter than arteries 3. Veins have [] tunica media than arteries

Answer 32

1. Veins usually have a **distorted** shape compared to arteries 2. Veins usually are **larger** in diamter than arteries 3. Veins have **less** tunica media than arteries

Question 33

Venules: 1. Postcapillary Venules 1. endothelial cells are principle site of vasoactive agents such as [] and [] 2. [] surround postcapillary venules and form connection with [] cells 3. tissue [] and [] emigration during inflammation occurs here. 2. Muscular Venules 1. Distinguised by 1-2 layers of [] [] that make up the tunica media.

Answer 33

Venules: 1. Postcapillary Venules 1. endothelial cells are principle site of vasoactive agents such as **histamine** and **serotonin** 2. **Pericytes** surround postcapillary venules and form connection with **endothelial** cells 3. tissue **edema** and **leukocyte** emigration during inflammation occurs here. 2. Muscular Venules 1. Distinguised by 1-2 layers of **Smooth Muscle** that make up the tunica media.

Question 34

Medium Veins: 1. ~ 3 layers of [] [] and usually have [] as a distinguishing characteristic 2. Tunica intima – endothelium and [] lamina; subendothelium with occasional [] [] cells; 1. sometimes a thin [] [] membrane is present 3. Tunica media – several layers of circularly arranged smooth muscle cells with [] and [] fibers. 1. A longitudinal layer of [] [] may sometimes be present just beneath the tunica [] 4. Tunica adventitia – [] than the tunica media with [] fibers and networks of [] fibers

Answer 34

1. ~ 3 layers of **smooth muscle** and usually have **valves** as a distinguishing characteristic 2. Tunica intima – endothelium and **basal** lamina; subendothelium with occasional **smooth muscle** **cells** 1. sometimes a thin **internal elastic membrane** is present 3. Tunica media – several layers of circularly arranged smooth muscle cells with **collagen** and **elastic** fibers. 1. A longitudinal layer of **smooth muscle** may sometimes be present just beneath the tunica **adventicia** 4. Tunica adventitia – **thicker** than the tunica media with **collagen** fibers and networks of **elastic** fibers

Question 35

Large Veins: 1. Tunica intima – endothelium with [] lamina, thin subendothelial [] tissue and smooth muscle 2. Tunica media – relatively thin with circumferentially arranged [] [] [], collagen fibers and some [] 3. Tunica adventitia – [] layer of the wall; in addition to collagen and elastic fibers, longitudinally arranged [] [] is also present

Answer 35

1. Tunica intima – endothelium with **basal** lamina, thin subendothelial **connective** tissue and smooth muscle 2. Tunica media – relatively thin with circumferentially arranged **smooth muscle cell**, collagen fibers and some **fibroblasts** 3. Tunica adventitia – **thickest** layer of the wall; in addition to collagen and elastic fibers, longitudinally arranged **smooth muscle** is also present

Question 36

A main distinguishing characteristic of large veins is a [] tunica media and a [] section of smooth [] in the tunica adventitia.

Answer 36

A main distinguishing characteristic of large veins is a **circular** tunica media and a **longitudinal** section of **smooth muscle** in the tunica adventitia.

Question 37

Varicose veins occur due to damage to venous []

Answer 37

valves

Question 38

DVT (deep vein thrombosis) happens when you lay in a hospital bed for too long and form blood clots...a part of the blood clot could break off, called an [], and travel around the body

Answer 38

Embolus

Question 39

Lymphatic Vascular System: 1. Drainage of [] fluid/protein from [] tissue space 2. Transport of [] and [] 3. Capillaries are []-[] tubules that start in the connective tissue. 4. Movement is drive by [] of lymphatic vessels by [] muscle

Answer 39

1. Drainage of **excess** fluid/protein from **interstitial** tissue space 2. Transport of **antigens** and **lymphocytes** 3. Capillaries are **blind**-**ended** tubules that start in the connective tissue. 4. Movement is drive by **compression** of lymphatic vessels by **skeletal** muscle

Question 40

Lymphatic capillaries consists only of [] and an incomplete [] [].

Answer 40

Endothelium Basal Lamina

Question 41

T/F Blood capillaries are more permeable than lymph capillaries?

Answer 41

FALSE! Lymph capillaries are more permeable

Question 42

T/F Lymph vessels and veins both have valves?

Answer 42

TRUE!

Question 43

What are the 2 Lymph Ducts? And where does each duct empty into?

Answer 43

1. **Right Lymphatic Duct** - empties at junction of right internal jugular and right subclavian veins 2. **Thoracic Duct** - empties into juction of left internal jugual and left subclavian veins 1. Cisterna Chyli - most inferior part of thoracic duct