Vascular System Flashcards
What are 3 examples of portal systems we discussed in class?
Hepatic Portal
Kidney
Hypothalamic-hypophyseal
Hepatic Portal System:
- liver receives [] blood from the hepatic artery and partially [] blood from teh hepatic portal vein
- Blood from both sources is mixed inthe liver before eiting via the [] vein
- liver receives oxygenated blood from the hepatic artery and partially deoxygenated blood from the hepatic portal vein
- Blood from both sources is mixed in the liver before exiting via the hepatic vein
Kidney Portal System:
- Blood from the [] arteriole in the kidney enters the [], a capillary bed where blood is filtered. Blood exits the glomerulus through the [] arteriole to supply the [] bed of the kidney.
- Blood from the afferent arteriole in the kidney enters the glomerulus, a capillary bed where blood is filtered. Blood exits the glomerulus through the efferent arteriole to supply the microvascular bed of the kidney.
What are the 3 general layers of the vascular wall and what type of tissue is usually found in each layer?
- Tunica Intima - epithelium
- Tunica Media - muscle
- Tunica Adventitia - connective tissue
T/F
If a blood vessel is large enough, nerves and even other blood vessels can be found in the tunica media to support the larger vessel.
FALSE
You would find this supporting nerves/vessels in the Tunica Adventitia
Tunica Intima:
- [] layer consisting of…
- [] - simple squamos epithelium lining blood vessels
- [] lamina
- Subendothelium - [] [] tissue (sometimes containing [] [])
- The subendothelium layer in arteries and arterioles has an internal [] membrane that seperates the tunica intima from the [] []
-
innermost layer consisting of…
- endothelium - simple squamos epithelium lining blood vessels
- basal lamina
- Subendothelium - loose connective tissue (sometimes containing smooth muscle)
- The subendothelium layer in arteries and arterioles has an internal elastic membrane that seperates the tunica intima from the tunica media
Tunica Media:
- middle layer of circumferentially arranged [] [] cells. with variable amounts of [], [] fibers, and [] .
- All extracellular components are produced by the [] [] []
- In some arteries an [] elastic [] is present which separates teh tunica media from the [] []
- middle layer of circumferentially arranged smooth muscle cells. with variable amounts of elastin, reticular fibers, and proteoglycans.
- All extracellular components are produced by the smooth muscle cells
- In some arteries an external elast membrane is present which separates the tunica media from the tunica adventitia
Tunica Adventitia:
- [] connective tissue layer
- Relatively [] in most vessels of the arterial system
- Relatively [] in most vessels of the vein and venule system
- In large arteries and veins, it contains the [] [] and [] [] (think about “support”)
- outermost connective tissue layer
- Relatively thin in most vessels of the arterial system
- Relatively thick in most vessels of the vein and venule system
- In large arteries and veins, it contains the vaso vasorum and nervi vascularis (think about “support”)
T/F
Capillaries posses endothelium and elastic tissue?
FALSE
Capillaries only have endothelium
T/F
Arteries and Veins posses endothelium, elastic tissue, smooth muscle, and fibrous tissue?
True!
T/F
Venules contain more smooth muscle than arterioles?
FALSE
- Venules wouldnt’ have more SM just cuz that wouldnt make sense
- ALSO - venules have NO smooth muscle
Endothelium Cells:
- simple [] epithelium lining [] blood vessels
- Connected by [] junctions
- Endothelial activation is also responsible for the pathgenesis of many vascular disease such as [] and []
- simple squamos epithelium lining all blood vessels
- Connected by tight junctions
- Endothelial activation is also responsible for the pathgenesis of many vascular disease such as thrombosis and atherosclerosis
All vessels have a [] lamina.
Basal
What type of junctions holds endothelial cells together? [] Occluden
- To increase permeability through these junctions what protein would be expressed more?
- To decrease permeability through these junctions, what protein would be expressed more?
Zonula Occluden
- Claudins
- Occludens
Functions of endothelial Cells:
- Maintenance of a [] [] barrier
- Maintenance of a [] barrier
- Modulation of blood [] and [] resistance
- Regulation and [] of immune responses
- [] synthesis
- Other [] activities
- Modification of [] by oxidation
- Maintenance of a selectively permeable barrier
- Maintenance of a nonthrombogenic barrier
- Modulation of blood flow and vascular resistance
- Regulation and modulation of immune responses
- Hormonal synthesis
- Other metabolic activities
- Modification of lipoproteins by oxidation
Endothelial cells maintain a selectively permeable barrier through simple [], [] transport, and [] - [] endocytosis
Endothelial cells maintain a selectively permeable barrier through simple diffusion, active transport, and receptor-mediated endocytosis
Endothelial cells use active transport in 2 ways…
- transcellular transport via [] vesicles (clathrin-[] endocytosis)
- Through [] transport through the zonula []
- transcellular transport via pinocytotic vesicles (clathrin-independent endocytosis)
- Through paracellular transport through the zonula occludens
Endothelial cells maintain the nonthrombogenic barrier by produceing [] and [] agents.
anticoagulants and antithrombotic agents.
Endothelial Cells can control blood flow and vascular resistance by producing:
- Vasodilaters - [], Prostacyclin, and []-derived [] factor (EDHF)
- Vasoconstricters - []-1 (ET-1), Thromboxane A2, and []
- Vasodilaters - nitric oxide, Prostacyclin, and enothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF)
- Vasoconstricters - Endothelin-1 (ET-1), Thromboxane A2, and prostaglandin
[] - [] is the most potent vasoconstrictor
Endothelin-1
LDLs are oxidized and then phagocytized by macrophages and become [] cells within what layer of vascular tissuer…[] ?
foam cells
Endothelium/ Tunica Intima
Arteries are classified into 3 types based on the size and caracteristics of the [] []
- Large or [] arteries
- Medium or [] arteries
- Small arteries and []
- Arteries are classified into 3 types based on the size and caracteristics of the tunica media
- Large or elastic arteries
- Medium or muscular arteries
- Small arteries and arterioles
Elastic arteries:
- maintains [] blood flow.
- Tunica Intima - relatively [], consists of enothelial, subendothelial layer of [] and [], smooth [] and internal [] membrane,
- Tunica Media - [] layer. Elastin layer allows for [] during systole and [] during diastole
- Smooth muscle produces molecues of the [] []
- Contains no []
- Contains [] fibers and ground substance
- Tunica adventitia - relatively [] layer
- Contains Fibers, [] and [] are the principle cells of this layer
- Contains [] and [] supply
- maintains continuous blood flow.
- Tunica Intima - relatively thick, consists of enothelial, subendothelial layer of collagen and elastic, smooth muscle and internal elastic membrane,
- Tunica Media - thickest layer. Elastin layer allows for expansion during systole and recoil during diastole
- Smooth muscle produces molecues of the extracellular matrix
- Contains no fibroblasts
- Contains collagen fibers and ground substance
- Tunica adventitia - relatively thin layer
- Contains Fibers, fibroblasts and macrophages are the principle cells of this layer
- Contains blood and nerve supply
Medium/Muscular Arteries:
- Function as [] vessel
- Tunica Intima - consists of…
- Endothelial lining with [] lamina
- Sparse []
- Prominent internal [] []
- Tunica Media - composed of concentrically arranged [] [] cells amid [] fibers.
- No []
- Tunica Adventitia - [] compared to elastic arteries
- seperated from the tunica media by the [] [] membrane
- Consists of fibroblasts, [] and [] fibers, and sometimes [] cells
- Function as distribution vessel
- Tunica Intima - consists of…
- Endothelial lining with basal lamina
- Sparse subendothelium
- Prominent internal elastic membrane
- Tunica Media - composed of concentrically arranged smooth muscle cells amid collagen fibers.
- No fibroblasts
- Tunica Adventitia - thick compared to elastic arteries
- seperated from the tunica media by the external elastic membrane
- Consists of fibroblasts, collagen and elastic fibers, and sometimes adipose cells
Small Arteries/Arterioles:
- Changes in the tunica media change [] flow and []
- Tunica Media
- Up to 8-10 layers in [] arteries
- Only [] - [] layers in arterioles
- Tunica Adventitia - not well defined. Blends with surrounding [] tissue
- Changes in the tunica media change blood flow and resistance
- Tunica Media
- Up to 8-10 layers in small arteries
- Only 1-2 layers in arterioles
- Tunica Adventitia - not well defined. Blends with surrounding connective tissue
Capillaries:
- [] vessels, [] surface area and [] pressure diffusion
- Composed of a [] layer of [] cells
- 4 - 10 um diameter, allows passage of [] blood cell at a time.
- [], relatively undifferentiated cells that lie on outer surface of capillary endothelium
- important in capillary [] and []
- exchange vessels, large surface area and low pressure diffusion
- Composed of a single layer of endothelial cells
- 4 - 10 um diameter, allows passage of one blood cell at a time.
-
Pericytes, relatively undifferentiated cells that lie on outer surface of capillary endothelium
- important in capillary diameter and regeneration
What are the 3 classifications of Capillaries?
Where in the body can these capillaries be found?
Fenestrated - kidney, endocrine glands
Continuous - skeletal muscle, CT, exocrine glands, lungs, nervous tissue.
Sinusoidal (Discontinuous) - liver, spleen, bone marrow
T/F
Continuous capillaries use active transport and pinocytosis to allow materials to move across?
FALSE
Continous capillaries use pinocytosis or diffusion
Continuous capillary endothelial cells are joined by [] junctions and have a [] basal lamina
occluden junctions
continuous basal lamina
T/F
Pinocytotic vesicles are only found in Discontinuous and Fenestrated capillaries?
FALSE
Pinocytotic vesicles are found in Fenestrated and Continuous capillaries.
[] []/[] provide direct routes between arteries and veins by bypassing the capillary bed.
Arteriovenous Anastomoses/Shunts
Veins compared to Arteries:
- Veins usually have a [] shape compared to arteries
- Veins usually are [] in diamter than arteries
- Veins have [] tunica media than arteries
- Veins usually have a distorted shape compared to arteries
- Veins usually are larger in diamter than arteries
- Veins have less tunica media than arteries
Venules:
- Postcapillary Venules
- endothelial cells are principle site of vasoactive agents such as [] and []
- [] surround postcapillary venules and form connection with [] cells
- tissue [] and [] emigration during inflammation occurs here.
- Muscular Venules
- Distinguised by 1-2 layers of [] [] that make up the tunica media.
Venules:
- Postcapillary Venules
- endothelial cells are principle site of vasoactive agents such as histamine and serotonin
- Pericytes surround postcapillary venules and form connection with endothelial cells
- tissue edema and leukocyte emigration during inflammation occurs here.
- Muscular Venules
- Distinguised by 1-2 layers of Smooth Muscle that make up the tunica media.
Medium Veins:
- ~ 3 layers of [] [] and usually have [] as a distinguishing characteristic
- Tunica intima – endothelium and [] lamina; subendothelium with occasional
[] [] cells;- sometimes a thin [] [] membrane is present
- Tunica media – several layers of circularly
arranged smooth muscle cells with [] and [] fibers.- A longitudinal layer of
[] [] may sometimes be present just beneath the tunica []
- A longitudinal layer of
- Tunica adventitia – [] than the tunica media with [] fibers and networks
of [] fibers
- ~ 3 layers of smooth muscle and usually have valves as a distinguishing characteristic
- Tunica intima – endothelium and basal lamina; subendothelium with occasional
smooth muscle cells- sometimes a thin internal elastic membrane is present
- Tunica media – several layers of circularly
arranged smooth muscle cells with collagen and elastic fibers.- A longitudinal layer of
smooth muscle may sometimes be present just beneath the tunica adventicia
- A longitudinal layer of
- Tunica adventitia – thicker than the tunica media with collagen fibers and networks
of elastic fibers
Large Veins:
- Tunica intima – endothelium with [] lamina, thin subendothelial [] tissue
and smooth muscle - Tunica media – relatively thin with circumferentially arranged [] [] [],
collagen fibers and some [] - Tunica adventitia – [] layer of the wall; in addition to collagen and elastic
fibers, longitudinally arranged [] [] is also present
- Tunica intima – endothelium with basal lamina, thin subendothelial connective tissue
and smooth muscle - Tunica media – relatively thin with circumferentially arranged smooth muscle cell,
collagen fibers and some fibroblasts - Tunica adventitia – thickest layer of the wall; in addition to collagen and elastic
fibers, longitudinally arranged smooth muscle is also present
A main distinguishing characteristic of large veins is a [] tunica media and a [] section of smooth [] in the tunica adventitia.
A main distinguishing characteristic of large veins is a circular tunica media and a longitudinal section of smooth muscle in the tunica adventitia.
Varicose veins occur due to damage to venous []
valves
DVT (deep vein thrombosis) happens when you lay in a hospital bed for too long and form blood clots…a part of the blood clot could break off, called an [], and travel around the body
Embolus
Lymphatic Vascular System:
- Drainage of [] fluid/protein from [] tissue space
- Transport of [] and []
- Capillaries are []-[] tubules that start in the connective tissue.
- Movement is drive by [] of lymphatic vessels by [] muscle
- Drainage of excess fluid/protein from interstitial tissue space
- Transport of antigens and lymphocytes
- Capillaries are blind-ended tubules that start in the connective tissue.
- Movement is drive by compression of lymphatic vessels by skeletal muscle
Lymphatic capillaries consists only of [] and an incomplete [] [].
Endothelium
Basal Lamina
T/F
Blood capillaries are more permeable than lymph capillaries?
FALSE!
Lymph capillaries are more permeable
T/F
Lymph vessels and veins both have valves?
TRUE!
What are the 2 Lymph Ducts? And where does each duct empty into?
- Right Lymphatic Duct - empties at junction of right internal jugular and right subclavian veins
-
Thoracic Duct - empties into juction of left internal jugual and left subclavian veins
- Cisterna Chyli - most inferior part of thoracic duct
