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Histology > Blood - Exam 2 > Flashcards

Blood - Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood

  1. Transport of [] and nutrients to cells
  2. Removal of [] and waste from cells/tissue
  3. maintains [] - [] balance, is a good buffering system
  4. Medium for the transport of [], hormones, and [] factors, etc
  5. Transports cells and substances responsible for [] []
  6. [] and coagulation
A
  1. Oxygen
  2. CO2
  3. Acid-base
  4. Cells, hormones, and clotting factors etc
  5. immune response
  6. thermoregulation
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2
Q

T/F

The blood is not a good buffering system?

A

FALSE

The blood is a good buffering system

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3
Q

Components of Blood:

  1. [] % Blood Plasma and [] % Formed elements
  2. Blood Plasma
    1. [] % Proteins
    2. 91.5% []
    3. 1.5 % [] []
  3. What are the 3 types of formed elements?
A
  1. 55% plasma; 45% FE
  2. Blood Plasma
    1. 7% Proteins
    2. 91.5 % water
    3. 1.5 % other solutes
  3. Platelets, WBCs, RBCs
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4
Q

Complete Blood Count:

  1. WBC - number of [] blood cells
  2. RBC - number of [] blood cells
  3. HGB - total amount of [] in the blood
  4. HCT - [], fraction of blood composed of RBCs
  5. PLT - [] count
  6. WBC “differential” - measure the percentages of [] types in ciculating blood
A
  1. white blood cells
  2. red blood cells
  3. hemoglobin
  4. hematocrit
  5. Platelets
  6. White blood cell
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5
Q

Why is a reticulocyte count used to estimate the rate of erythrocyte production?

A

Reticulocyte’s are immature RBCs. So if there are a lot of reticulocytes, then the body is currently making a lot of RBCs.

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6
Q

What is the best method to display cell types in peripheral blood?

What type of stain is used on the blood?

A
  1. Blood Smear
  2. Special mixture of dyes - Wright’s Stain
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7
Q

List the different types of WBC in order of least abundant to most abundant.

A

Basophils (.5-1.0%)

Eosinophils (2-4%)

Monocytes (3-8%

Lymphocytes (20-25%)

Neutrophils (60-70%)

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8
Q

T/F

In adults, the lymphocyte is the most abundant WBC in the body?

A

FALSE

The neutrophil is most abundant in adults. The lymphocyte is most abundant in children, pre puberty.

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9
Q

What makes up the small layer in a hematocrit tube called the “buffy coat?”

A

Leukocytes and platelets

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10
Q

[] refers to plasma from which the clotting factors have been removed

A

Serum

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11
Q

What is the % composition (s) of the Plasma and its components?

A
  1. Blood = 55% Plasma
    1. 7% proteins
    2. 91.5% water
    3. 1.5% other solutes
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12
Q

What 3 major proteins make up the 7% of blood plasma? What is their function in plasma?

A
  1. Albumin
    1. key molecule in osmoregulation
  2. Globulins
    1. Used with antibodies and chaperoning
  3. Fibrinogen
    1. Used in clotting
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13
Q

Erythrocytes (RBCs):

  1. [] - [] microns in diamters
  2. No [] or organelles
  3. [] shape with a central pallor
    1. This increases [] [] for gas []
  4. Function is to bind and transport [] and []
  5. Lifespan = [] days
A
  1. 7-8 microns
  2. Nucleus
  3. Biconcave
    1. surface area for gas exchange
  4. oxygen and CO2
  5. 120 days
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14
Q

T/F

Leukocytes tend to stack into columns called rouleaux, usually caused by increased levels of immunoglobulins

A

FALSE

Erythrocytes stack into “Rouleaux”

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15
Q

Since there are no organelles in a RBC, what does the RBC depend on for energy?

A

Glycolysis

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16
Q

What 2 periphery proteins did we learn about that anchor the RBC plasma membrane ot the cytoskeleton and allow the memrbane to be flexible enough to fit through all the different blood vessels?

A

PSYCHE

  • We learned about 2 integral proteins.
  • Band 3 and Glycophorin
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17
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis is caused by an abnormal arrangement fo the interal cytoskeleton due to a missing or abnormal [] or [] molecule

A

Spectrin or Ankyrin

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18
Q

What form of hemoglobin binds irreversibly to glucose?

A

HBA1c

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19
Q

What is the most common type of hemoglobin?

A

HbA

2-alpha, 2-beta chains.

96% of total hemoglobin

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20
Q
  1. HbA2
    1. [] - [] % of adult Hb
    2. Consists of 2-[] and 2-[] chains
  2. HbF
    1. [] hemoglobin
    2. Contains 2-[] chains and 2-[] chains
    3. Binds to [] much more efficiently
A
  1. HbA2
    1. 1-3 % of adult Hb
    2. Consists of 2-alpha and 2-delta chains
  2. HbF
    1. Fetal hemoglobin
    2. Contains 2-alpha chains and 2-gamma chains
    3. Binds to O2 much more efficiently
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21
Q

T/F

Only 2/4 hemoglobin chains in a RBC are attached to an Iron heme group?

A

FALSE
All 4 hemoglobin chains in an RBC have a iron heme group.

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22
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia is caused by a [] mutation in the [] - chain of Hb

A

point; B-chain of Hb

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23
Q

Abnormal Red Blood Cells

  1. Microcytosis - ….
  2. [] - increase in cell size
  3. [] - variability in cell size
  4. Polychromasia - …..
  5. Hypochromasia - …..
  6. [] - 2 disting populations of cells
  7. [] - change in chape
    1. Examples….?
A
  1. decrease in cell size
  2. Macrocytosis
  3. Anisocytosis
  4. Bluish tint to the cell due to a few ribosomes in you RBCs
  5. The central pallor is too large
  6. Dimorphism
  7. Poikilocytosis
    1. Schistocytes
    2. Sickle Cell, Spherocytes, Target cells
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24
Q

T/F

Schisotcytes can form when an RBC passes through a fibrin clot or due to a mechanical heart valve prostheses?

A

TRUE!

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25
Q

Target cells are characterized by a disproportional increase in teh ratio of [] [] [] to []

A

surface membrane area to volume

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26
Q

T/F

Most white blood cells perfrom their immune response duties inside the blood

A

FALSE

WBC leave the blood and perform their functions in CT.

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27
Q

What is the method that WBCs use to move past the endothelial lining?

A

Diapedesis

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28
Q

What are the 2 groups of WBCs, and then what are the specific types of WBC in each group?

A
  1. Granular
    1. Neutrophils
    2. Eosinophils
    3. basophils
  2. Agranular
    1. Lymphocytes
    2. Monocytes
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29
Q

What molecule causes the endothelial cells to widen enough for a WBC to pass through?

A

Histamine

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30
Q

Granulocytes contain two types of granules, [] and []

Agranulocyes contain one type of granule, []

A

Specific and azurophilic

Azurophilic

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31
Q

Neutrophil:

  1. Also called [] or [] / []
  2. [] - [] microns in diameter
  3. [] - [] % of circulating WBC, [] abundant
  4. [], first line of defense against [] [].
  5. Binding of antigens to [] receptors induces the release of [] which leads to fever.
A
  1. polymorphonuclear leukocytes or PMNs/polymorphs
  2. 10-12 microns
  3. 40-75%, most abundant
  4. phagocytic, bacter invasion
  5. PMN; cytokines
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32
Q

Dead [] contributes to the formation of pus at the site of infection

A

Neutrophils

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33
Q

Neutrophils contain 3 types of granules:

  1. [] or Type A
    1. azurophilic, or []
  2. Secondary or Type []
    1. Specific [] to kill bacteria
  3. [] granules
    1. [] factors
A
  1. Primary or Type A
    1. azurophilic, or lysosomes
  2. Secondary or Type B
    1. Specific enzymes to kill bacteria
  3. Tertiary granules
    1. motility factors
34
Q

T/F

At the leading edge of a neutrophil on the move, you would find numerous Tertiary granules?

A

FALSE

You’d find a bunch of actin so that the neutrophil can move around!

35
Q

Eosinophils:

  1. [] - [] % of leukocytes
  2. [] - [] microns in diameter
  3. Lifespan = [] - [] days
A
  1. 1-4% of leukocytes
  2. 12-17 microns in diameter
  3. Lifespan = 8-12 days
36
Q

Eosinophil Function:

  1. T/F - Phagocytic?
  2. Kills []
  3. Moderate [] reactions
  4. modulates the functions of [] cells and []
    1. ie: histaminase
A
  1. True!
  2. Kills parasites
  3. Moderate inflammatory reactions
  4. mast cells and basophils
37
Q

T/F

Eosinophils enhance allergic response?

A

False

Eosinophils actually help to digest histamines and control the effects of Mast Cells.

38
Q

What are the 2 types of granules in an Eosinophil? What are examples of each type of granule found in Eosinophils?

A
  1. Specifc Granules - these have a crystalloid body that looks like a hamburger or hotdog
    1. Ex: major basic protiein (MBP), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), and Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin as well as histaminase, arylsulfatase, collagenase, and cathepsins
  2. Azureophili Granules - lysosomes
39
Q

T/F

The bi-lobulated nucleus of a basophil is normally readily visible through light microscopy

40
Q

Basophils:

  1. [] abundant of leukocytes ~.5%
  2. [] microns in diameter
  3. functions is similar to [] cell
    1. Bind of [] to receptors on basophil surface triggers [] of granule contents
A
  1. least abundant
  2. ~10 microns in diamters
  3. similar to Mast cells
    1. Binding of IgE to receptors on basophil surface triggers secretion of granule contents.
41
Q

What are the 2 types of granules in basophils? What are examples of each?

A
  1. Azureophilic granules = lysosomes
  2. Specific Granules containing..
    1. heparin
    2. histamine
    3. heparan sulfate
    4. leukotrienes
42
Q

What “figures” are unique to the scanning EM of the basophilic specific granules?

A

They have myelin figures

43
Q

What are the 3 classes of lymphocytes?

A

T Cells

B Cells

NK cells

44
Q

Lymphocytes:

  1. [] - [] % of circulating leukocytes
  2. major functional cells of the [] system
  3. Range in size from [] - [] microns in diameter
  4. [] lifespan
  5. Mosy lymphocytes are [] [] [] - viral infections
A
  1. 20-30%
  2. Immune System
  3. 6-30 microns in diameter
  4. long lifespan
  5. recirculating immunocompetent cells
45
Q

Major Histological Features of a Lymphocyte:

  1. Basophilic or Eosinophilic Cytoplasm?
  2. Slightly [] nucleus
  3. Free []
  4. ”[]” looking nuclear profile
A
  1. Basophilic
  2. Slightly indented nucleus
  3. free ribosomes
  4. Smeared
46
Q

Monocytes:

  1. [] - [] microns in diamters, [] WBC in peripheral smear
  2. [] - [] % of circulating leukocytes
  3. Has a “[]” nucleus/chromatin pattern
  4. Nucleus is not []
  5. Differentiates into [] in tissue
  6. Contains azurophilic granules = []
A
  1. 15 - 20 microns in diameter
  2. 3-8%
  3. Lacey
  4. Segmented
  5. Macrophage
  6. lysosome
47
Q

T/F

Lymphocyte has a more “indented” nucleus than a monocyte?

A

FALSE

The monocyte has a more indented nucleus.

48
Q

T/F

THrombocytes are the smallest formed element?

49
Q

Platelets:

  1. [] - [] microns, [] formed element
  2. T/F - anuclear
  3. Formed from []
  4. Lifespan = []
  5. Function: maintain integrity of the [] lining and blood []
A
  1. 2-3 microns; smallest
  2. True!
  3. megakaryocytes
  4. lifespan = 8 days
  5. endothelial; blood coagulation
50
Q

[] = low platelet count

A

thrombocytopenia

51
Q

In a stained blood smears, what are the 2 concentric zones in a platelet?

A
  • Hyalomere - peripheral region
  • Granulomere - central region
52
Q

What are the 4 zones of a platelet? What are the major features of each zone?

A
  1. Peripheral Zone - plasma membrane and glycocalyx
  2. Structural Zone - Microtubules that encircle the plateley
  3. Organelle Zone - has organelles and granules for clotting - 3 types of granules: Alpha, Delta, Gamma
  4. Membrane Zone - 2 types of membrane channels
    1. open cannaliculi system
    2. Denste tubular system
53
Q

Platelet Granules:

  1. alpha granules - [] numerous. Important for initial phase of vessel repair, blood [] and platelet []
  2. Delta granules - facilitate platelet []
  3. Gamma Granules - contain azurophilic []
A
  1. most; blood coagulation and plateley aggregation
  2. Retraction
  3. lysosome
54
Q

What are the 2 membrane systems in platelets?

A
  1. Open Canaliculi System
    1. may be pathways for the uptake of solutes and discharge of secretory products
  2. Dense Tubular System
    1. Concentrates Ca2+ and synthesizes prostaglandins
55
Q

What are the 4 steps in Clotting?

A
  1. Primary Hemostatic plug
  2. Secondary Hemostatic Plug
  3. Clot Retraction
  4. Clot dissolution
56
Q

In primary aggregation, platelets adhere to [] exposed by the damaged endothelial lining.

57
Q

Secondary Hemostatic Plug

  1. Conversion of soluble [] (found in the plasma) into []
  2. This occurs in the [] of platelets
A
  1. Fibinogen; fibrin
  2. Glycocalyx
58
Q

Is the wound closed after primary or secondary hemostatic plug?

Why?

A
  1. Secondary
  2. The 2nd plug fixes fibrin into a mesh over the primary plug. This web attracts more platlets and RBCs that aggregate and close the opening in the endothelial wall.
59
Q

T/F

Thrombelectrolayse causes the clot to retract?

A

False

Thrombosthenin interacts with actin and myosin to cause it to contract.

60
Q

Fibrinolysis

  1. The enzyme, [] removes the clot
  2. The enzyme from #1 enzyme is activated by [] [] [] ( or TPA) from its proenzyme state []
A
  1. plasmin
  2. Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA)
    1. Plasminogen
61
Q

T/F

Megkaryocytes make platelets throughout the body?

A

FALSE

Megakaryocytes are only located in bone marrow. So, the platelets are made in the bone marrow and then migrate around the body.

62
Q

Where is RBC Formation during gestation?

  1. 1-3 weeks: []
  2. 6th week: [] and []
  3. 4th-5th Month: []
A
  1. Yolk Sac
  2. Liver and Spleen
  3. Bone Marrow
63
Q

What are the 2 types of bone marrow and at what rough age ranges would you find the 2?

A
  1. Red bone marrow - young people
  2. Yellow Bone marrow
    1. the yellow is caused by fat deposits so you’d find it in older people.
64
Q
  1. Bone Marrow Cellularity = (100 - [] []) +/- 10%
  2. This equation represents the ratioe of [] cells to []
A
  1. Individuals age
  2. hematopoietic cells to adipocytes
65
Q

Most of the long bones in humans have become primarily yellow by age []

66
Q

Vascular Sinus: barrier between the blood and the [] []. Consists of 3 layers

  1. Continuous Endothelium - simple [] cells joined by [] complex. So nothing can pass through
  2. a [] basal Lamina - so some things can get out
  3. Adventitial Reticular Cells -
    1. help with the [] of blood cell precursors
    2. Synthesize [] fibers in marrow
A

Vascular Sinus: barrier between the blood and the hematopoietic tissue. Consists of 3 layers

  1. Continuous Endothelium - simple squamos cells joined by junctional complex. So nothing can pass through
  2. a discontinuous basal Lamina - so some things can get out
  3. Adventitial Reticular Cells -
    1. help with the maturation of blood cell precursors
    2. Synthesize reticular fibers in marrow
67
Q

All blood cells originate from one [] stem cell.

This is called the [] Theory

A

Pluripotent Stem Cell

Mononphylectic Theory

68
Q

The pluripotent stem cell produces two cell lineages:

Common [] progenitor

Common [] progenitor

A

Common Myeloid Progenitor

Common Lymphoid Progenitor

69
Q

General Changes occuring in blast cells during maturation:

  1. Cytoplasm changes from [] to []
  2. Nucleus [] in size
  3. Chromatin []
  4. Cell size []
    1. Except for []
A
  1. Basophilia to eosinophilia
  2. decrease
  3. condenses
  4. decreases
    1. except for megakaryocyte
70
Q

What are the 6 names of the different stages of Erythropoiesis?

A
  1. Pronormoblast (making proteins, basophilic cytoplasm)
  2. Basophilic Normoblast
  3. Polychromatophilic
  4. Normoblast (not a lot of protein production at this point)
  5. Reticulocyte - final stages of maturation. “pykonotic” nucleus.
  6. Red Blood Cell
71
Q

At what stage of Erythropoiesis do we see a pyknotic nucleus?

What is a pyknotic nucleus?

A
  1. Reticulocyte maturation stage
  2. A pyknotic nucleus is highly condensed and will then actually leave the cell.
72
Q

Match the Colony Forming Unit to the End Cell

  • CFUs
    • CFU - MEG
    • CFU - G
    • BMCP
    • CFU-E
    • CFU - M
    • CFU - EO
  • Formed Element
    • Megakaryocyte
    • Erythrocyte
    • basophil
    • Neutrophil
    • Eosinophil
    • Monocyte
A
  • CFU-MEG - Megakaryocyte
  • CFU-G - Neutrophil
  • BMCP - Basophil
  • CFU-E - Erythrocyte
  • CFU-M - Monocyte
  • CFU-EO - Eosinophil
73
Q

After about [] days, RBCs go to the [], [] [], and [] to be phagocytized

A

120 days

Spleen, bone marrow, liver

74
Q

[] is the differentiation of stem cells into neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils…

A

Granulopoiesis

75
Q

What are the 5 named stages of granulopoeisis?

At what stage can the 3 different granular WBCs be differentiated from each other?

A
  1. Myeloblast
  2. Promyelocyte
  3. Myelocyte - at this stage you will see the appearance of specific granules for the 3 different granular WBCs.
  4. Metamyelocyte
  5. Band neutrophil
76
Q

T/F

Monocyte’s develop from the same stem cell that gives rise to the granulocytes (GMP)

77
Q

T/F

Megakaryocyte finishes their development in the blood stream?

A

FALSE

Megakaryocytes are never found in the blood stream

78
Q

Endomitosis

Genomic info [], but the cell does not [].

Cellular example: ??

A
  1. Genomic info doubles, but the cell does not divide.
  2. Megakaryocyte is an example.
79
Q

T/F

Thrombocypthinia stimulates endomitosis.

A

FALSE

Thrombopoietin stimulates endomitosis.

80
Q

What the the “important” formed elements that differentiate from the Common myeloid progenitor cell?

A
  • Megakaryocyte, platelets
  • erythrocyte
  • Mast cell
  • Basophil
  • Neutrophil
  • Eosinophil
  • Monocyte
    • macrophage
    • Myeloid dendritic cell
81
Q

What the the “important” formed elements that differentiate from the Common lymphoid progenitor cell?

A
  • Lymphoid dendritic cell
  • B-lymphocyte –> plasma cell
  • T-Lymphocyte

Histology (11 decks)

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