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Histology > Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

How many nuclei do Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth muscle have?

A
  1. Skeletal - multi
  2. Cardiac - 1-2
  3. Smooth - 1
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2
Q

What type of muscle exhibits structural branching?

A

Cardiac

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3
Q

What is a syncytium? How do skeletal muscle cells exhibit this characteristic?

A
  1. Many muscle cells acting as 1 unit
  2. All the muscle fibers contract at once…causes the whole muscles to contract.
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4
Q

T/F

Cardiac muscle is regenerative

A

FALSE

Cardiac muscle is not regenerative…skeletal muscle is regenerative.

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5
Q

What are the 3 layers of CT surrounding muscle?

A

Epimysium

Perimysium

Endomysium

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6
Q

[] is the outer most layer of CT around the entire muscle.

What type of CT is this?

A
  • Epimysium
  • Densre Irregular CT
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7
Q

What type of CT fibers would you find in the epimysium?

A

Collage, elastic, Reticular

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8
Q

[] divides the muscle into smaller functional units called fascicles

A

Perimysium

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9
Q

What layer of CT surrounds each individual muscle fiber?

What type of CT fibers would you find in this layer?

A
  1. Endomysium
  2. Collagen & Reticular Fibers
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10
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle fibers?

A

Type I - Slow Oxidative Fibers

Type IIa - Fast Oxidative, Glycolytic Fibers

Type IIb - Fast, Glycolytic Fibers

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11
Q

Type I - [] Oxidative Fibers

  1. [] twitch muscles
  2. [] myoglobin
  3. [] mitochondira
  4. Speed of Myosin ATPase = []
  5. Found in muscles for running, or []
A

Type I - Slow Oxidative Fiber

  1. Slow twitch
  2. Large amounts of myoglobin
  3. Many mitochondria
  4. Slowest ATPase
  5. Posture
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12
Q

Type IIa - [] [], Glycolytic Fibers

  1. [] twitch muscles
  2. In vivo color - []
  3. [] amounts of myoglobin
  4. [] mitochondira
  5. [] Glycogen
  6. Speed of Myosin ATPase = []
  7. [] resistance due to the the ability to use [] respiration and []
A

Type IIa - Fast Oxidative, Glycolytic Fibers

  1. Fast twitch muscles
  2. In vivo color - pink
  3. Large amounts of myoglobin
  4. Many mitochondira
  5. Alot of Glycogen
  6. Speed of Myosin ATPase = moderately fast I guess
  7. Fatigue resistance due to the the ability to use Cellular Respiration and Glycolysis
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13
Q

Type IIb - [] Fibers

  1. [] twitch muscles
  2. Size of Fiber -
  3. In vivo color - []
  4. [] myoglobin and mitochondria
  5. [] Glycogen content and [] activity
  6. Speed of Myosin ATPase = []
  7. [] prone
  8. Adapted for [] contractions and precise movements
A

Type IIb - Glycolytic Fibers

  1. Fast twitch muscles
  2. Size of Fiber - Large
  3. In vivo color - white, light pink
  4. Less myoglobin and mitochondria
  5. High Glycogen content and anaerobic activity
  6. Speed of Myosin ATPase = Fastest!
  7. fatigue prone
  8. Adapted for rapid contractions and precise movements
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14
Q
  1. The functional/contractile apparti of skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle is the []…
  2. The structural and functional subunit of the myofiber is the…[]
A
  1. Sarcomere
  2. Myofibril
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15
Q

Which specific myosin is the “thin filament” in a sarcomere?

A

Psyche!

Myosin is not the thin filament…you should know that.

Myosin II is the thick filament.

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16
Q

What 4 things can you find on the head of a Myosin II?

A

2 Light chains (regulatory and ATPase regulating)

1 ATPase

1 actin binding site

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17
Q

Where is titin found in the sarcomere? What does it do?

A
  • It is found in the Z-line
  • It anchors myosin to the Z-lines.
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18
Q

What protein anchors actin to the Z-line?

A

Alpha-actinin

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19
Q
  1. What type of protein is Nebulin?
  2. Where does it lie in the sarcomere?
A
  1. inelastic protein
  2. lies parallel to actin and assist in stabilizing alpha-actinin/actin interaction at the Z-line
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20
Q

[] is associated with the free end of actin, and “caps” actin to regulate its length

A

Tropomodulin

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21
Q

What 2 proteins are myosin binding proteins and hold myosing filaments “in register” at the M line?

A

Myomesin

C-protein

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22
Q

What are the 3 Extra Sarcomeric Accessory Proteins and what do they do?

A
  1. Costamere - sub-membrane Z-line associated protein structure that connects the sarcomere of the muscle to the cell membrane
  2. Dystrophin - links actin to laminin in the basal lamina
  3. Desmin - surrounds sarcomere at the Z-line attaching them to the sarcolemm
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23
Q

T-tubules align at the [] - [] junction perpendicular to fibrils

A

A-I Junction

So it helps to place the Ca2+ right at the myosin/actin junction for contraction.

24
Q

T/F

Each muscle fiber has only one motor end-plate?

A

True!

25
Q

Muscle Spindle

  1. Basically sense []
  2. Contains both [] and [] nerves
  3. Stretch Reflex - what is it?
  4. Loacated within the []
A
  1. basically it senses stretching
  2. Contains both afferent and efferent fibers
  3. Stretch Reflex - Stretch on the muscl ecauses a reflex contraction
  4. Located within the muscle
26
Q

Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)

  1. Monitors [] developed in muscle
  2. Consists of [] fibers only
  3. Prevents damage during [] for generation
    1. How?
A
  1. Tension
  2. Afferent
  3. Excessive
    1. Stimulation of the GTO results in reflex relaxation of muscle via interneuronal inhibition of alpha-motoneurons
27
Q

Regular muscle cells outside of a muscle spindle are called what?

A

Extrafusal muscle fibers

(INtrafusal muscle fibers are within the spindle

28
Q

What are the 2 types of intrafusal fibers?

A
  1. Nuclear chain fiber
    1. connect to efferent nerves
  2. Nuclear bag fiber - found within the center of a muscle spindle
    1. Connect to afferent nerves
29
Q

What are the 2 types of nerve endings found on a muscle spindle?

A
  1. Annulospiral endings - respond to the rate of stretching)
  2. Flower Spray Endings - respond to the duration of stretching
30
Q

What type of cell does skeletal muscle originate from?

What regulatory protein negatively controls muscle growth and differentiation?

A

Myoblast

Myostatin

31
Q

Inhibition of [] causes excess muscle growth

A

myostatin

32
Q

How do myoblasts differentiate from the embryo and end up as muscle cells? (Step-by-Step)

A
  1. Mesodermal progenitor Cells –>
  2. Myoblasts –>
  3. Multinucleate Myotube –>
  4. Muscle Fiber –>
33
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms for cell repair? What are the cell types used for repair in each?

A
  1. Injury but External Lamina is Intact
    1. satellite cells become activated after injury and divide and differentiate into myoblasts. Then, myoblasts fuse within external lamina and become myotubes
  2. Injury by External Lamina is not intact
    1. Fibroblast repairs injury and it becomes scar tissue
34
Q

T/F

Nebulin causes satellite cells to activate and repair skeletal muscle?

A

FALSE

  • Yes, satellite cells repair, only, skeletal muscle….but cytokins cause the satellite cells to activate.
35
Q

The sarcoplasm of cardiac muscles contain more [], [], and [] than skeletal muscle becuase its always contraction.

A

Glycogen, lipid, mitochondria

36
Q

[] [] joins cardiac muscles and provides mechanical and electrical coupling…

A

intercalated discs

37
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic cone in cardio myocytes?

A
  • area around the nucleus in cardiac cells that is especially enriched with mitochondria and glycogen granules.
  • It shows up as a “white cone” around the nucleus in staining.
38
Q

What are the 2 transverse portions of the intercalated discs?

A
  1. Fasciae Adherentes
    1. analogous to zonulae adherens of epithelia to which actin filaments attach
    2. anchors thin filaments in sarcomeres
  2. Maculae Adherentes
    1. Desmosomes
    2. Bind cells to prevent separation during contraction
39
Q

What are the 2 portions of an intercalated disc?

A
  1. Transverse Portion
    1. Fasciae Adherentes
    2. Maculae Adherentes
  2. Lateral Portion = gap junction
40
Q

Which is stronger in the intercalated disc…

Transverse Portion

Lateral Portion (Gap Junction)

A

Transverse portion cuz it has desmosomes.

41
Q

T/F

Cardiac muscle has SMALLER T-tubules than those in skeletal muscle and are lined with an internal lamina?

A

FALSE

  • Cardiac muscles t-tubules are LARGER
  • They are lined with an external lamina
42
Q

T/F

In cardiac muscle, the T-tubes and SR form a dyad that lines up at the A-I junction, like in skeletal muscle

A

FALSE

  • Cardiacs muscles do form a dyad, instead of a triad.
  • However, these are located at the Z-lines, not AI-junction.
43
Q

Atrial Granules:

  1. Found in muscle cells of the []
  2. What 2 polypeptide hormones are found in these granules?
    1. What doe these hormones function as? and what is their purpose?
A
  1. Atrium
  2. Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF) and Brain Natriuretic Factor (BNF)
    1. These detect too much blood volume and signal the kidney to urinate more to reduce our blood volume!
44
Q

Purkinje Fibers:

  1. modified [] muscle cells located in the [] [] of []
  2. [] than ordinary cardiac muscle cells
  3. lower content of [] & higher content of []
A
  1. modified cardiac muscle cells located in the atrioventricular bundle of His
  2. Larger than ordinary cardiac muscle cells
  3. lower content of myofibrils & higher content of glycogen
45
Q

How do smooth muscles connect to each other electrically?

A

Gap Junctions

46
Q

T/F

Smooth muscle secrete a ground substance matrix?

A

False

Smooth muscle can secrete a CT matrix of collagen.

47
Q

What anchors thin filaments in smooth muscle?

A

Dense Bodies or Dense Plaques

48
Q

T/F

In smooth muscles, most of the cytoplasmic organelles are mainly confined to conical regions a the ends of the centrally locted nucleus?

A

True!

49
Q

Thin filament in Smooth Muscle:

  1. contains [] - the primary substance
  2. Also contains troponin just like skeletal muscle…
  3. Contains [] and [] that bind to actin and block the [] binding site on actin
A
  1. Actin
  2. FALSE! - smooth muscle does not contain troponin. It has tropomyosin though.
  3. Caldesmon and Calponin; block myosin binding site on actin
50
Q

Dense bodies in smooth muscle are functionally comparable to skeletal muscle [] - []

A

Z-Discs

51
Q

What filaments attaches to the dense plaques in smooth muscle?

A
  • Thin filament - actin
  • Intermediate Filaments
    • Vimentin
    • Desmin
52
Q
A
53
Q

What are the 2 contractile non-muscle cells?

A

Myoepithelial Cells

Myofibroblasts

54
Q

Myoepithelial Cells

  1. [] to assist in the expression of glandular material
  2. Located between the epithelium and [] lamina of certain types of glands
  3. In mammary glands - contraction is initiated by []
  4. In lacrimal glands - contraction is initiated by []
A
  1. Contract
  2. basal lamina
  3. oxytocin
  4. acetylcholine
55
Q

T/F

Myoepithelium cells may contribute to wound healing contracting to decrease size of defect….

A

False

Myofibroblasts may do this.

Histology (11 decks)

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