Heart

Question 1

Problems with Valves:

1. [] occurs if a valve doesnt close tightly resulting in backflow
2. [] occurs when the flaps of valve thicken/stiffen or fuse together preventing the heart valve from fully opening.

Answer 1

1. Regurgitation
2. Stenosis

Question 2

T/F

SA nodes and AV nodes are peripheral multipolar neurons.

Answer 2

FALSE

These are not neurons, but are modified cardiac muscle cells specialized for impulse conduction rather than contraction.

Question 3

1. Subtances that increase heart rate = []
2. Substances that increase contraction = []
3. Substances that decrease heart rate = []
4. Substances that decrease contraction = []

Answer 3

1. Positive chronotropic
2. Positive inotropic
3. Negative chronotropic effect
4. Negative inotropic effect

Question 4

Cardiac Cells of Conducting System:

1. Cardiac muscle cells in SA and AV node are [] than surroudning atrial cells with fewer [] and no typical [] []….but they do have a lot of [] junctions
2. Cells in the AV bundle and Purkinje layer are [] than ventricular muscle cells

Answer 4

1. Cardiac muscle cells in SA and AV node are smaller than surroudning atrial cells with fewer myofibers and no typical intercalated discs….but they do have a lot of gap junctions
2. Cells in the AV bundle and Purkinje layer are larger than ventricular muscle cells

Question 5

Myocardium

1. Myocytes of the atrium are generally [] in diameter compared t myocytes of the ventricle
2. Myocytes of the atrium may lack []-[] but have more [] junctions within intercalated discs

Answer 5

1. Myocytes of the atrium are generally smaller in diameter compared t myocytes of the ventricle
2. Myocytes of the atrium may lack T-tubules but have more gap junctions within intercalated discs

Question 6

Endocardium Layers:

1. Endothelium - simple [] epithelium linging the chambers of the [] & the []
2. Subendothelial Connective Tissue - tightly packed [] fibers
3. Middle Layer - [] and [] fibers and [] muscle
4. Subendocardium - continuous with the connective tissue of the []
   
   1. in the ventricles it contain [] fibers

Answer 6

1. Endothelium - simple squamos epithelium lining the chambers of the heart & the valves
2. Subendothelial Connective Tissue - tightly packed collagen fibers
3. Middle Layer - elast and collagen fibers and smooth muscle
4. Subendocardium - continuous with the connective tissue of the myocardium
   
   1. in the ventricles it contain purkinje fibers

Question 7

[] [] is pressure on the heart occurring when excess fluids builds up in the pericardial sac

Answer 7

Cardiac Tamponade

Question 8

Where are the 4 fibrous rings of the heart?

1. Fibrous ring of [] trunk
2. Fibrous ring of [] valve
3. Fibrous rings of []
4. Fibrous ring of [] valve

Answer 8

1. Fibrous ring of pulmonary trunk
2. Fibrous ring of mitral valve
3. Fibrous rings of aorta
4. Fibrous ring of tricuspid valve

Question 9

Heart Valve Layer, Fibrosa:

1. core of the valve formed from fibrous extensions of the [] []

Answer 9

1. core of the valve formed from fibrous extensions of the fibrous rings

Question 10

The 4 fibrous rings of the heart are composed of [] [] connective tissue

Answer 10

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Question 11

Coronary Heart Disease:

1. Most [] type of heart disease caused by [] build up in the walls of the coronary arteries
2. Day 1: Coagulation [] , and [] fibers
3. Day 2-3: [] infiltration
4. Day 7-10: [] remove necrotic myocytes
5. Next –> [] tissue of loose CT & capillaries.
6. > 2 months : infarction characterized by [] [] scar

Answer 11

1. Most common type of heart disease caused by plaque build up in the walls of the coronary arteries
2. Day 1: Coagulation necrosis , and wavy fibers
3. Day 2-3: neutrophil infiltration
4. Day 7-10: macrophages remove necrotic myocytes
5. Next –> granulation tissue of loose CT & capillaries.
6. > 2 months : infarction characterized by dense collagenous scar

Question 12

What 3 “parts” make up the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

Answer 12

1. 4 fibrous rings (annulus fibrosus)
2. 2 Fibrous trigone
3. Membranous parts of the interatrial and interventricular septa

Question 13

Heart Valve Layer: Ventricularis

1. composed of [] [] connective tissue and layers of [] fibers
2. In AV valves, the ventricularis continues into the [] [], which attach the valves to the papillary muscles of the ventricles

Answer 13

1. compoed of dense irregular connective tissue and layers of elastic fibers
2. In AV valves, the ventricularis continues into the chordae tendineae, which attach the valves to the papillary muscles of the ventricles

Question 14

What are the 3 layers of the heart valves?

Answer 14

Spongiosa

Fibrosa

Ventricularis

Question 15

What are the 4 layers of the endocardium?

Answer 15

endothelium Layer

Subenothelial Layer

Middle Layer

Subendocardium Layer

Question 16

[] is inflammation of the pericardium

Answer 16

Pericarditis

Question 17

Heart Valve Layer, Spongiosa:

1. composed of [] [] tissue, elastic fibers and []
2. Functions to [] vibrations associated with closing of the valves
3. Also known as the [] in the aortic and pulmonary valves and as the [] in the mitral and tricuspid valves

Answer 17

1. composed of loose connective tissue, elastic fibers and proteoglycans
2. Functions to dampen vibrations associated with closing of the valves
3. Also known as the arterialis in the aortic and pulmonary valves and as the auricularis in the mitral and tricuspid valves

Question 18

What are the 2 components of Intercalated discs? What are the “sub-structures” of these 2 components?

Answer 18

1. Transverse Part
   
   1. Fascia Adherens (Zonula Adherens)
   2. Desmosomes
2. Longitudinal Portion
   
   1. Gap Junctions

Question 19

Endocardium is [] in the atria compared to the ventricles

Answer 19

Thicker

Question 20

Purkinje Fibers:

1. [] than ventricular muscle cells
2. myofibrils located at the [] of the cell
3. have [] []
4. contain large amounts of [] - so it doesn’t take up stain that well.
5. Located in the [] of the ventricles

Answer 20

1. larger than ventricular muscle cells
2. myofibrils located at the periphery of the cell
3. have intercalated discs
4. contain large amounts of glycogen - so it doesn’t take up stain that well.
5. located in the subendocardium of the ventricles

Question 21

1. SNS innervation causes a [] in heart rate
   
   1. Uses these neurotransmitters…
2. PSNS innervation causes a [] in heart rate
   
   1. Uses these neurotransmitters….

Answer 21

1. increase in heart rate
   
   1. epinephrine, norepinephrine, caffein
2. decrease in heart rate
   
   1. acetylcholine, Propranol, Ca2+ blockers

Question 22

The 2 Fibrous [] connect the 4 fibrous rings

Answer 22

Fibrous Trigones