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Histology > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Problems with Valves:

  1. [] occurs if a valve doesnt close tightly resulting in backflow
  2. [] occurs when the flaps of valve thicken/stiffen or fuse together preventing the heart valve from fully opening.
A
  1. Regurgitation
  2. Stenosis
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2
Q

T/F

SA nodes and AV nodes are peripheral multipolar neurons.

A

FALSE

These are not neurons, but are modified cardiac muscle cells specialized for impulse conduction rather than contraction.

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3
Q
  1. Subtances that increase heart rate = []
  2. Substances that increase contraction = []
  3. Substances that decrease heart rate = []
  4. Substances that decrease contraction = []
A
  1. Positive chronotropic
  2. Positive inotropic
  3. Negative chronotropic effect
  4. Negative inotropic effect
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4
Q

Cardiac Cells of Conducting System:

  1. Cardiac muscle cells in SA and AV node are [] than surroudning atrial cells with fewer [] and no typical [] []….but they do have a lot of [] junctions
  2. Cells in the AV bundle and Purkinje layer are [] than ventricular muscle cells
A
  1. Cardiac muscle cells in SA and AV node are smaller than surroudning atrial cells with fewer myofibers and no typical intercalated discs….but they do have a lot of gap junctions
  2. Cells in the AV bundle and Purkinje layer are larger than ventricular muscle cells
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5
Q

Myocardium

  1. Myocytes of the atrium are generally [] in diameter compared t myocytes of the ventricle
  2. Myocytes of the atrium may lack []-[] but have more [] junctions within intercalated discs
A
  1. Myocytes of the atrium are generally smaller in diameter compared t myocytes of the ventricle
  2. Myocytes of the atrium may lack T-tubules but have more gap junctions within intercalated discs
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6
Q

Endocardium Layers:

  1. Endothelium - simple [] epithelium linging the chambers of the [] & the []
  2. Subendothelial Connective Tissue - tightly packed [] fibers
  3. Middle Layer - [] and [] fibers and [] muscle
  4. Subendocardium - continuous with the connective tissue of the []
    1. in the ventricles it contain [] fibers
A
  1. Endothelium - simple squamos epithelium lining the chambers of the heart & the valves
  2. Subendothelial Connective Tissue - tightly packed collagen fibers
  3. Middle Layer - elast and collagen fibers and smooth muscle
  4. Subendocardium - continuous with the connective tissue of the myocardium
    1. in the ventricles it contain purkinje fibers
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7
Q

[] [] is pressure on the heart occurring when excess fluids builds up in the pericardial sac

A

Cardiac Tamponade

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8
Q

Where are the 4 fibrous rings of the heart?

  1. Fibrous ring of [] trunk
  2. Fibrous ring of [] valve
  3. Fibrous rings of []
  4. Fibrous ring of [] valve
A
  1. Fibrous ring of pulmonary trunk
  2. Fibrous ring of mitral valve
  3. Fibrous rings of aorta
  4. Fibrous ring of tricuspid valve
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9
Q

Heart Valve Layer, Fibrosa:

  1. core of the valve formed from fibrous extensions of the [] []
A
  1. core of the valve formed from fibrous extensions of the fibrous rings
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10
Q

The 4 fibrous rings of the heart are composed of [] [] connective tissue

A

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

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11
Q

Coronary Heart Disease:

  1. Most [] type of heart disease caused by [] build up in the walls of the coronary arteries
  2. Day 1: Coagulation [] , and [] fibers
  3. Day 2-3: [] infiltration
  4. Day 7-10: [] remove necrotic myocytes
  5. Next –> [] tissue of loose CT & capillaries.
  6. > 2 months : infarction characterized by [] [] scar
A
  1. Most common type of heart disease caused by plaque build up in the walls of the coronary arteries
  2. Day 1: Coagulation necrosis , and wavy fibers
  3. Day 2-3: neutrophil infiltration
  4. Day 7-10: macrophages remove necrotic myocytes
  5. Next –> granulation tissue of loose CT & capillaries.
  6. > 2 months : infarction characterized by dense collagenous scar
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12
Q

What 3 “parts” make up the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

A
  1. 4 fibrous rings (annulus fibrosus)
  2. 2 Fibrous trigone
  3. Membranous parts of the interatrial and interventricular septa
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13
Q

Heart Valve Layer: Ventricularis

  1. composed of [] [] connective tissue and layers of [] fibers
  2. In AV valves, the ventricularis continues into the [] [], which attach the valves to the papillary muscles of the ventricles
A
  1. compoed of dense irregular connective tissue and layers of elastic fibers
  2. In AV valves, the ventricularis continues into the chordae tendineae, which attach the valves to the papillary muscles of the ventricles
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14
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart valves?

A

Spongiosa

Fibrosa

Ventricularis

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15
Q

What are the 4 layers of the endocardium?

A

endothelium Layer

Subenothelial Layer

Middle Layer

Subendocardium Layer

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16
Q

[] is inflammation of the pericardium

A

Pericarditis

17
Q

Heart Valve Layer, Spongiosa:

  1. composed of [] [] tissue, elastic fibers and []
  2. Functions to [] vibrations associated with closing of the valves
  3. Also known as the [] in the aortic and pulmonary valves and as the [] in the mitral and tricuspid valves
A
  1. composed of loose connective tissue, elastic fibers and proteoglycans
  2. Functions to dampen vibrations associated with closing of the valves
  3. Also known as the arterialis in the aortic and pulmonary valves and as the auricularis in the mitral and tricuspid valves
18
Q

What are the 2 components of Intercalated discs? What are the “sub-structures” of these 2 components?

A
  1. Transverse Part
    1. Fascia Adherens (Zonula Adherens)
    2. Desmosomes
  2. Longitudinal Portion
    1. Gap Junctions
19
Q

Endocardium is [] in the atria compared to the ventricles

A

Thicker

20
Q

Purkinje Fibers:

  1. [] than ventricular muscle cells
  2. myofibrils located at the [] of the cell
  3. have [] []
  4. contain large amounts of [] - so it doesn’t take up stain that well.
  5. Located in the [] of the ventricles
A
  1. larger than ventricular muscle cells
  2. myofibrils located at the periphery of the cell
  3. have intercalated discs
  4. contain large amounts of glycogen - so it doesn’t take up stain that well.
  5. located in the subendocardium of the ventricles
21
Q
  1. SNS innervation causes a [] in heart rate
    1. Uses these neurotransmitters…
  2. PSNS innervation causes a [] in heart rate
    1. Uses these neurotransmitters….
A
  1. increase in heart rate
    1. epinephrine, norepinephrine, caffein
  2. decrease in heart rate
    1. acetylcholine, Propranol, Ca2+ blockers
22
Q

The 2 Fibrous [] connect the 4 fibrous rings

A

Fibrous Trigones

Histology (11 decks)

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